Oko okumele ukwazi
Uninzi lokukhulelwa ludlulileyo malunga neveki ezingama-40. Iintsana ezizalwe phakathi kweeveki ezingama-37 no-42 zesigxina zithathwa njengexesha elipheleleyo. Iintsana ezizalwe ngaphambi kokuba iiveki ezingama-37 zitshatyalazwe zichazwe njengexesha elide.
Okwangoku, ukuthetha ngonyango ukuchazwa kokusebenza kusekwe kwiiveki ezingama-23. Kwizibhedlele ezininzi, le ngongoma yokungenelela kwonyango kwizame zokulondoloza ubomi umntwana ozelwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Nangona kunjalo, le ngcaciso evulekileyo isekelwe kwi-generalization kunye nokugcina engqondweni imihla ingahle ikhutshwe ngeeveki ezimbalwa kuyo nayiphi na indlela. Umntwana ozalwe okanye phambi kweeveki ezingama-23 ngokuqhelekileyo uza kufuna ukungenelela ngoncedo lwezonyango olubandakanya, inkxaso yokuphefumula, unyango olungenayo, kunye nokuhlala kwexesha elide kwaye kunzima kwiNyunithi Yonyango Ejongene Nokukhathazeka.
Izibalo zokuzalwa kwangaphambili
- Amanqaku angama-11.4 ekhulwini wokukhulelwa konke aphela ekuhambisweni kwangaphambili.
- Amantombazana angama-450 000 eUnited States kuphela azalwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye iintsana ezili-15 ezizalwayo zizalelwa emhlabeni jikelele-ngowoku-1 kwi-10!
- Ama-80 kunye neepesenti zokuzalwa kwangaphambi kokubeleka ayilindelekanga.
- Phantse kwi-45-50% yokuzalwa kwangaphambi kokuba ibele i-idiopathic. (engaziwa)
- I-30% inxulumene nokuqhekeka kokuqala kweembrane. ( IPROM )
- I-15-20% ibonakaliswe ngokuchanekileyo kwimizi (umzekelo: preeclampsia, ukuphazamiseka, i-IUGR) okanye ukukhutshwa kwexesha lokuqala.
"Iziganeko ezikhokelela ekuzalweni kwangaphambi kokuzalwa akukaqondwa ngokupheleleyo, nangona i-etiology icingelwa ukuba i-multifactorial.
Kodwa ke, akucaci ukuba ukuzala kwangaphambi kokuzalwa kubangelwa kukusebenzisana kweendlela eziliqela okanye umphumo omeleyo wendlela nganye. Iimeko ezinxulumene nokuzalwa kwangaphambi kokuzalwa ziquka iimeko zonyango zomama okanye umntwana, iimpembelelo zofuzo, ukunyanzeliswa kwendalo, ukungathandabuzeki kwemvelo, iziganeko zokuziphatha kunye nezentlalo, kunye ne-iatrogenic (enxulumene noviwo lwezonyango okanye unyango). "(WHO)
Ubusazi?
- Inani lokuzalwa ngaphambi kokuzalwa eUnited States liye lahla ngenxa yonyaka wesixhenxe olandelelanayo, ukuya kuma-11,4 ekhulwini kuwo onke azalwa ngo-2013.
- Eli lizinga eliphantsi kwi minyaka eli-17! Injongo karhulumente karhulumente kwenzelwe ukunciphisa ukuzalwa kokuzalwa kwasekuqaleni kwe-12.7 ekhulwini ngo-2007 ukuya kuma-11,4 ekhulwini ngo-2020.
- I-US isenayo enye yezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokuzalwa kwangaphambi kwanoma yiliphi ilizwe elikhuselekileyo
- Iindleko zonyango zomntwana ozelwe ngokukhawuleza ngokwemali malunga ne-54,000 zamaRandi, xa kuthelekiswa ne-4,000 zamaRandi kwixesha elizeleyo, elizeleyo.
- Izinga lokubeletha kwangaphambi kokuzalwa lihlala likhuni phakathi kwamanye amaqela kunye namacandelo e-US, kubandakanywa nabesifazane abamnyama, abaMnyama baseMelika nabaseSpeyin. Isantya sokuzalwa kwangaphambili phakathi kwabasetyhini abangaxhaswanga nabo banokuphakama kakhulu kunomyinge wesizwe (ama-19.8 ekhulwini ngo-2013.)
Ipesenti esekelwe kwi-Gestational Age (malunga)
- Amaphesenti angaphezu kwe-70 abantwana abasengaphambi kokuzalwa bazalwa phakathi kwama-34 no-36.
- Iipesenti ezili-12 zeentsana ezengaphambi kokuba zizalwe zizalwa phakathi kwama-32 no-33.
- Iipesenti ezili-10 zentsana ezengaphambi kokuzalwa zizalwa phakathi kweeveki ezingama-28 no-32.
- Amaphesenti angama-6 abantwana abazalwa ngaphambi kokuba bazalwe ngaphambi kweveki ezingama-28.
IiNtlawulo zokuPhucula (malunga neemeko ezininzi)
- Iintsana ezizalwe ngeeveki ezingama-23 zineepesenti ezingama-17 zokuphila.
- Iintsana ezizalwe kwiiveki ezingama-24 zifumana ithuba lokuphila.
- Iintsana ezizalwe kwiiveki ezingama-25 zinamava e-50 okuphila.
- Iintsana ezizalwe kwiiveki ezingama-26 zifumana ithuba lokuphila.
- Iintsana ezizalwe kwiiveki ezingama-27 zineepesenti ezingama-90 zokuphila.
- Iintsana ezizalwe phakathi kweeveki ezingama-28 ukuya kweye-31 zifumana ithuba lokuphila.
- Iintsana ezizalwe phakathi kweeveki ezingama-32-33 zinama-95 ekhulwini amathuba okuphila.
- Uninzi lweentsana ezizalwe iiveki ezingama-34 okanye ngaphezulu zinokuphila okufanayo njengenkwenkwe epheleleyo.
Iingxaki zokunyuka kokukhula njengoko ukhulelwe. Iveki nganye umntwana uhlala esibelethweni ithuba lokukhula okukhulayo nokuqhubekayo.
Nangona kunjalo, ubudala bokuba nobubele akuyena kuphela umlinganiselo wokuba usinde kwiintsana ezelwe ngokukhawuleza. Izinto ezininzi zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwindlela umntwana oza kwenza ngayo kubandakanya ubunzima bokuzalwa, iingxaki zokukhulelwa ezifana nokuphazamiseka kwamaplacenti, ukusuleleka kunye nokuphuculwa kwemiphunga emaphandleni ukubiza nje ezimbalwa. Ngethamsanqa, uphando lwezokwelapha kunye nentuthuko lwandise amathuba okuphila kwintsana encinane.
Isiphumo seSatifikethi (esikufutshane)
Ipesenteji ezisekelwe kwiintsana ezizalwe ngaphambi kweeveki ezingama-26 zesini:
- Abo bangakhula isibini yokukhubazeka esiphantsi kokuzalwa kwasekuqaleni- 22%
- Abo banokuphuhlisa ukukhubazeka okulinganayo okanye iimfuno ezizodwa ukususela ngaphambi kokuzalwa kwangaphambili-24%
- Abo bangaphuhlisa ukukhubazeka-
- I-20% yabo bonke abazalelwe kwiiveki ezingama-26 okanye ukuhamba kwangexesha elidlulileyo abayi kuba nefuthe elide elide kwi-prematurity yabo.
Ngokusekelwe kwiminyaka yobudala kunye nesisindo sokuzalwa, iintsana ezingaphambi kwexesha zifakwa ngokuzikhethela kwiindidi ezichazwe ngokukhawuleza, ezinokulinganisela kunye nokugqithisela okugqithiseleyo:
Ubumnene: Iintsana ezizalwe phakathi kweeveki ezingama-33 ukuya kwezingama-36 kunye nesifo sokuzalwa phakathi kwe-1500g-2000g (3lbs 5oz kunye no-5lbs 8oz)
I-Moderate : Iintsana ezizalwe phakathi kweeveki ezingama-28 neye-32 kunye nesisindo sokuzalwa phakathi kwe-1000g-1500g (2lbs 3oz kunye ne-3lbs 5oz)
Extreme : Iintsana ezizalwe phambi kweeveki ezingama-28 okanye zinobunzima bokuzalwa obungaphantsi kwe-1000g (2lbs 3oz)
- Ngaphambi kokuzalwa komntwana, wazalwa phakathi kweeyure ezingama-34 neye-37 zokukhulelwa
- Preemie , ozalwe kwiiveki ezingama-32 zokukhulelwa
- I-micro-preemie , ezalwe ngaphantsi kweeveki ezingama-25 zokukhulelwa
Ukuhlengahlengisa ukuQala kokuQala
I-American Congress of Obstetricians kunye ne-Gynecologists (ACOG) kunye noMbutho we-Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) kusandul 'ukuvakalisa ukuba kusetyenziswe ityhilo "ixesha" ekukhulelweni kuthatyathelweyo ngamagama amasha okudala.
Ngokutsho kwamagama amatsha, ixesha elipheleleyo liya kubhekisela kwiiveki ezingama-39 ukuya kwiiveki ezingama-40 kunye neentsuku ezingama-6 zokukhulelwa. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, ukukhulelwa phakathi kweiveki ezingama-37 neye-42 kwagqalwa njengexesha elipheleleyo.
Olu tshintsho lubonakalisa iziphumo ezivela kwiZiko leSizwe lezeMpilo neNtuthuko ye-NICHD, uphando malunga neziphumo zempilo ezihlwempuzekileyo zintsana ezizalwe kwiiveki ezingama-37 neye-38 zokukhulelwa, (ekugqibeleni zigqithwe njengexesha elipheleleyo) zifaniswa nalabo bazalwa emva kweeveki ezingama-39.
Ngokomzekelo, uphando lubonisa ukuba kuthelekiswa neentsana ezizalwe okanye emva kweeyure ezingama-39 zokukhulelwa, iintsana ezizalwe ngaphambi kweeveki ezingama-39 zi:
- Umngcipheko omkhulu wokungeniswa kwiNyunithi yeNonatal Care Care (NICU)
- Kwi-20% enkulu yengozi yeengxaki, kuquka ukuphefumla, ukutya, kunye neengxaki zokushisa; i-sepsis (ukusuleleka kakhulu kwegazi); kunye nokukhubazeka kwesiberebhu
- 5% ngaphezulu amathuba okuba nokukhubazeka kwengqondo okanye uphuhliso
- Kwi-50% enkulu yengozi yokufa ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila
Oomama abathumela emva okanye emva kweeyure ezingama-39 zokukhulelwa ngokuvamile baneziphumo ezingcono kunokuba oomama abathumela phambi kweveki ezingama-39.
Iindidi ezintsha njengoko kuchazwe nguNICHD:
- Ixesha lokuqala: iiveki ezingama-37 ukuya kwiiveki ezingama-38 kunye neentsuku ezingama-6
- Ixesha elipheleleyo: iiveki ezingama-39 ukuya kwiiveki ezingama-40 kunye neentsuku ezili-6
- Ixesha elide: iiveki ezingama-41 ukuya kwiiveki ezingama-41 kunye neentsuku ezingama-6
- Ixesha elidlulileyo: iiveki ezingama-42 nangaphezulu
Iimbandezelo ezidumile zeJob neNamhlanje
- U-Napoleon Bonaparte: owazalwa ngo-1769 wayengenye yezona nkokeli ezinkulu zempi kwimbali. Umfanekiso wakhe omncinci uphawula ukuba ngumphumo wokuzalwa kwakhe kwangaphambi kokuzalwa.
- UVictor Hugo : i-novelist enkulu yesiFrentshi, edume kakhulu ngokudala i-Les Miserable, yayingu-preemie owazalwa ngo-1802
- UMark Twain: Umlobi waseMelika ophumeleleyo owazalwa ngo-1835, wazalwa ezinyangeni ezimbini ngaphambi kokuqala.
- USidney Poitier: Umdlali onokuwina umdlali, umlawuli wefilimu, kunye nomlindi.
- UWinston Churchill: I-politician ne-stateist, waseBrithani, owazalwa ezinyangeni ezimbini ngaphambi kwe-1874.
- U-Albert Einstein : Wazalelwa ngaphambi kweJamani ngo-Matshi ka-1879. U-Einstein wafumana iziqalo ezincinci ngexesha apho i-neonatology yayingekho khona kwaye yaqhubeka yenza imiphumo ebalaseleyo kwimathematika nasenzululwazi.
- U-Anna Pavlova : Wazalelwa kwiinyanga ezimbini ngaphambi kwe-1881 waza wakhula waba yinto ye-ballerinas eyaziwayo kakhulu emhlabeni.
- UPatrick Bouvier Kennedy : Umntwana wesithathu kaJacqueline noJohn F. Kennedy wazalelwa kwiiveki ezingama-34 waza wafa ezinsukwini ezi-2 ubudala ngenxa ye-Hyaline Disease Disease, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Distressary Distress Syndrome okanye i-RDS. I-RDS ngenye yeengxaki eziqhelekileyo zokuqala kokungcoliseka. Ukulahlekelwa yintsapho yokuqala yentsapho kwaye yathintela isizwe kwaye yabakhokelela ekukhutsheni izibonelelo zoluntu kunye nezizimeleyo zophando lwezokwelapha ezikhokelela ekusebenziseni unyango olusebenzayo kwiintsana ezalwa ngamaphaphu angapheliyo.
- UStevie Wonder : Umculi waseMelika ozalelwa ngowe-1950 kwaye wayengomnye wabantwana abengaphambi kokuzalwa abangama-40 kunye nama-50 abathintekayo yimeko ebizwa ngokuba yi-Retinopathy ye-Prematurity (ROP) eyamenza alahlekelwe amehlo akhe njengomntwana. Ukuqhubela phambili kwezobugcisa namhlanje kunciphise kakhulu ingozi yeROP kwiintsana ezelwe ngokukhawuleza.
- UIsake Newton : Usosayensi nomqambi ochaze imithetho yemandla. Wazalelwa ngo-1643, encinci ngokwaneleyo ukuba angene kumgudu wesigxina, ngokutsho kukaMama.
- UCharles Darwin: Umntu wesiNgesi kunye nososayensi-umsunguli wezinto eziphilayo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
- UPablo Picasso: Umculi nomculi waseSpeyin-umdwebi oqingqiweyo, umshicileli, i-ceramicist.
- UMichael J. Fox: Umlingisi waseCanada, umbhali, umvelisi, kunye nomlindi.
- UWayne Brady : Umdlali waseMelika, umculi, umculi kunye nomabonakude; zazalwa zinyanga ezintathu zingekafiki.
- UPhillip Phillips: Umculi kunye nomndilili we-American Idol 2012. Wazalelwa ngaphambi kowe-1990 kwaye phantse akazange akwenze. Unenkinga yokujongana nokutya kwaye kuthiwa ngumntu osindileyo we-NEC.
Iirekhodi zangoku
Ezinye izitha ezidumile ziyaziwayo kwihlabathi ngenxa yokuzalwa kwazo kwasekuqaleni:
- URumaisa Rahman, ozalwe kwiiveki ezingama-25 ngo-Septemba ka-2004 kwisibhedlele sase-Chicago ecatshulwa ukuba ubambe irekhodi elikhoyo njengelona elincinci lomntwana osemhlabeni, elilingana ne-244 grams okanye i-8,6 i-ounces.
- UJames Elgin Gill, owazalwa ngoMeyi ka-1987 e-Ottawa Canada wayengumntwana osekuqaleni kwexesha. Wayenemihla engama-128 ngaphambi kweentsuku ezingama-21 kunye neentsuku ezingama-5. UJames wayelinganisa 644g okanye 1lb 6oz. Waphila kwaye kuthiwa uphilile kwiminyaka eyi-20.
- U-Amillia Taylor naye ukhankanywe njengomntwana osengaphambi kokuzalwa. Wazalelwa ngo-Oktobha 2006 eMiami Florida kwiiveki ezingama-21 kunye neentsuku ezingama-6. Ekuzalweni, wayenama-intshi ama-9 ubude kwaye alinganise i-233g okanye i-ounces ezili-10.
Kukho iindlela ezimbini kuphela zokuphila ubomi bakho. Omnye unjengokuba akukho nto imangalisa. Elinye lifana nokuba yonke into imangalisa. " - UAlbert Einstein
> Iingcaciso
> Impembelelo yokuzalwa kwangaphambi kwintlalo Matshi weDimes. (nd). Ukufunyanwa kwi-http: //www.marchofdimes.org/mission/the-economic-and-societal-costs.aspx
> Matshi weDimes. (nd). Kufunyenwe kwi-http: //www.marchofdimes.org/materials/premature-birth-port-card-united-states.pdf
> PeriStats | Matshi weDimes. (nd). Ukufunyanwa kwi-http: //www.marchofdimes.org/peristats/Peristats.aspx
> Izibalo zokuzalwa kwangaphambi kokuqala | Ubunzima beSatisiti. (nd). Ukufunyanwa kwi-http: //www.statisticbrain.com/premature-birth-statistics/
> Ukuqala kokuqala kokuzalwa: Izigqibo, iziphumo, kunye nokuhluka koMhlaba - Ukuzalwa kwangaphambili - i-NCBI Bookshelf. (nd). Ukufunyanwa kwi-http: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11386/
> UKUPHATHWA KWE-PRETERM NJENGEZIKOLO ZEMPILO YOLUNTU. (nd). Ukufunyanwa kwi-http: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2496946/
> Iimveliso - Iinkcukacha zeenkcukacha - Inombolo 39 - Meyi 2010. (nd). Ukufunyanwa kwi-http: //www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db39.htm
> Izibalo malunga nokuzalwa kwangaphambili - RightDiagnosis.com. (nd). Ukufunyanwa kwi-http: //www.rightdiagnosis.com/p/premature_birth/stats.htm
> WHO | Ukuzalwa kwangaphambili. (nd). Ukufunyanwa kwi-http: //www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs363/en/