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10 Iigciwane ezikhuthazwayo kubo bonke abantwana abaselulaBathi ixesha liyakuthanda isigulane. Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, ndibeke ngenyameko ukubaluleka kokugonywa kwam mibhalo kwaye ndibeka ingozi kwi-antivaxxers yonke indawo. Bonke abaqeqeshi bezempilo kunye nomlobi wezobugcisa odibana nalo ndixhasa ukubaluleka kokukhuthaza abanye ukuba bagonwe kwaye basasaze isigidimi. I- CDC , i-WHO, kunye nee-arhente zonyango emhlabeni jikelele (cinga iiplisi zePolio Programme e-India) zenze ugonyo luphambili.
Ekugqibeleni, umzila wokugonya ubonakala uguqukile, kwaye abantu abaninzi bayazi ukuba kwenzeka ntoni xa sithinte ukugonya (bona imasel eparadesi iAA Disneyland). Ngoko "masikugonywe" umoya, ndifuna ukwabelana nawe ngeempompo ezi-10 eziya ku-CDC ukuba ziqalise kubantwana abaneminyaka engama-24 okanye ngaphantsi.
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Ukugonywa # 1: I-Hepatitis BNgokungafani nayiphi na enye yokugonywa, ukugonywa kwe-hepatitis B kunikwa ngokwenene ekuzalweni . Kwiseshoni yeCDC, ama-3 amanani anikezelwa kwiinyanga ezili-18 ubudala. Isicwangciso sokukhusela saqala ngo-1991, ngoko ke ukuba wena okanye othandekayo wazalwa ngaphambi kowe-1991, nceda ufumane unyango!
I-Hepatitis B yiyona nto inobangela wokungaphumeleli kwesibindi se-virus, kunye nokuhluleka kwesibindi kubulala. U-Nuff uthe.
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Ukugonywa # 2: i-RotavirusUkugonywa kwe-rotavirus kuza kwi-flavour 2: i-Rotarix kunye neRotaTeq. I-Rotarix inikezwa ngamanani ama-2 kwiinyanga ezimbini okanye ezine. I-RotaTeq inikwe ngama-3 amayeza kwi-2, 4 neye-6. Ngaphandle kokugonywa, umntwana usenokubamba i-rotavirus.
I-Rotavirus ibangela isifo sohudo esinamandla, isisu esiswini, isifo somkhuhlane, ukulahleka kwesidlo kunye nokunciphisa amanzi. Nangona ichaphazela abantu abadala, nabo baxabisa abantwana ngokukodwa nzima. Ukwenza izinto zibe zibi nakakhulu, xa ubamba i-rotavirus kanye, ungayifumana kwakhona.
Ngaba ufuna ukwazi ukuba abafundi bezilwanyana (ngabahlengikazi kunye nabahlengikazi bakhumbula njani ukuba i- ROTA igulisa ihudo? "Ukuphuma kwintsholongwane ye-Anus". Ndibonise umfundi wezonyango, kwaye ndiya kukubonisa uhamba ngesichazamazwi somboniso.
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Inyolo # 3: i-Diphteria, iTetanus, kunye ne-acellular Pertussis (DTaP)Ukugonywa kwe-DTaP kunikwa ngama-5 amayeza kubantwana abaneminyaka emi-2 ukuya kwiminyaka eyi-6.
I-DTaP ibungozi abathathu kunye nezitofu zokulwa neDiphtheria, iT etanus, kunye ne - P ertussis. Okuthakazelisayo kukuba, i-DTaP inokudibana kunye nokugoma i- H aemophilus i- nfluenza Uhlobo b (i-Hib), i-polio engenakusebenza kunye ne-Hepatitis B.
I-Diphtheria yintsholongwane enobungozi kakhulu enokuthi ibanjwe komnye umntu odibanisa okanye ekhwehlela okanye evela kwifomite (ifomu yintetho yonyango ngenjongo engaphiliyo njengebhoyiyi, isepha okanye ithawula). I-Diphtheria ibangela isifo somqala, umkhuhlane, ubuthathaka kunye ne-lymph nodes evuvukileyo entanyeni.
I-tetan ibangelwa yi-Clostridium ibterteria kwaye ikhupha ngokubuhlungu yonke imisipha yakho kuquka umhlathi wakho ("lockjaw"). I-Clostridium ibhakteria ingena emzimbeni ngokuqhekeza kwaye ihlala emhlabathini (cinga ukuhamba ngesilumko esidala).
I-Pertussis okanye ukukhwehlela ukukhwehlela yintsholongwane yebhaktheriya echaphazelekayo. Nangona nje ukuba unqabile, ukukhwehlela ukukhwehlela kuya kuba kakhulu kwi-United States. Ukukhwehlela okukhuphayo kubangela ukungalawulwa (i-paroxysmal) ifanelana nokukhwehlela. Ezi ukukhwehlela zihamba kwenza kube nzima ukuphefumula. Xa umntu ekugqibeleni ethatha umoya, i-pathognomonic okanye i-"op "enezifo isandi. Ngokuthakazelisayo, i-pertussis itholakala kwisiLatini nganye- ithetha "ngokugqithiseleyo" kunye -nokuthi "ukukhwehlela" ngoko "ukukhwehlela okukhulu."
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Ukugonywa # 4: Haemophilus influenza uhlobo b (Hib)Ukunyuka kwe- Haemophilus influenza uhlobo lwe-b (Hib) lokugonya luyinkimbinkimbi. Okokuqala, kukho ukutshintshwa okumbalwa kokugonya okungafuna ukufikelela kuma-4 amanani ukusuka ekuqaleni kweeveki ezingama-6 kwaye iphele kwiinyanga ezili-15. Okwesibini, ukuba umntwana unesistim somzimba esicuthathaka ngenxa yesiphi na isizathu (ukusuleleka ngoGawulayo, i-chemotherapy okanye njalo njalo), kufuneka ufumane amanani amaninzi.
Nangona i-Hib yinkxalabo echaphazelekayo evela kwiinkliniki, iHaemophilus ifika kwiintlobo ezi-6: a, b, c, d, e kunye f. Kuzo zonke iintlobo zentlanzi ngaphandle apho, iHaemophilus yayiyimvelo yokuqala yokuphila ukuze i-genome yayo ilandelelanise.
Naphezu kwegama layo, iHaemophilus influenza ayibangeli umkhuhlane. I-Hib ingabangela i-encephalitis pneumonia, i-cellulitis (ukusuleleka kwesikhumba) kunye ne-epiglottitis (i-epiglottis enegciwane evala ingxolo). IHib ibetha abantwana ngokukodwa nzima.
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Ukugonywa # 5: I-Conjugate ye-PneumococcalI-CDC incoma iindidi ezi-2 zokugonywa kwe-pneumococcal: i-PCV13 ne-PPSV23. Ukugonywa kwe-PCV13 kunikwa bonke abantwana, kunye ne-PPSV23 inconywa ngamacandelo athile aphezulu kunye nabaselula abaneminyaka engama-65 nangaphezulu. Ngaphezu koko, i-PPSV23 inikwe emva kweminyaka emi-2 ubudala; ngelixa i-PCV13 inikwa ngamanani angama-4 aqala kwiinyanga ezimbini kwaye iphelile kwiinyanga ezili-15.
Izitofu ze-Pneumococcal zikhusela malunga ne-pneumococcus, into engabangela ukusuleleka. Ngokukodwa, i-pneumococcus ingabangela:
- pneumonia
- izifo zentloko
- isifo soosus
- i-meningitis
- i-bacterium (usulelo lwegazi)
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Ukugonywa # 6: I-Poliovirus engasebenziIsifo sokugonywa kwesifo se-polio senziwa ngama-4 amanani ukusuka kwiinyanga ezi-2 ukuya kwi-6.
Nangona kunqabile kumazwe amaninzi aseNtshona, i-poliomyelitis okanye intsholongwane ebangelwa yintsholongwane yesifo se-polio isabakho kwiindawo eziphuhlisayo apho abantu abancinci banokugonywa khona.
Abaninzi bethu bayazi, kwabanye abantu i-polio ekugqibeleni yenza iziphumo zokulahleka kweengxaki zegazi ezinjengobuthathaka nokukhubazeka.
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Ukugonywa # 7: IgciwaneKubantwana abaneminyaka engama-6 kunye neminyaka eyi-8, isitofu sokugonya i-influenza sinikezelwa ngonyaka kwisinye okanye amayeza amabini (ahlukaniswe ubuncinane kwiiveki ezi-4). Kwabadala kweminyaka engama-7, isitofu sokugonya sinikezelwa kanye ngonyaka.
Isifo sokugonya i-Influenza sisikhusela ngentsholongwane. I-Influenza inomdla kakhulu kwaye isasazeka ngokukhawuleza emoyeni kweendawo ezininzi ezinjengeendawo zokunyamekela iintsuku. Ngokuqhelekileyo, abantwana baya kuzisa igciwane kwikhaya baze bahlasele abanye abantwana kunye nabazali. I-Flu ngamanye amaxesha ingabangela ukulaliswa esibhedlele okanye, ngokungaqhelekanga, ukufa.
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Ukugonywa # 8: Imishukela, i-Mumps neRubella (MMR)I- m easles, m mps kunye ne- r ubella (MMR) igxininiswa ngamanani e-2: idosi enye kwiinyanga ezili-12 ukuya kwezi-15 kunye nomthamo owodwa kwiminyaka emi-4 ukuya kwe-6.
Iingxube ziyisifo esichengelayo esichukumisa abantu kwiindawo ezikarhulumente ezinjengeepaki zokuzonwabisa kunye neekonsathi. Ukukhulelwa ngamasisi kukubangela umkhuhlane, impumlo ye-runny, intlungu yomlomo, ukugqithisa kunye nokunye. Kwamanye, iingxaki ezinjenge-pneumonia kunye ne-encephalitis (ukusuleleka kobuchopho) zingabulala.
Iintsholongwane ze-mumps zidala iimpawu ezahlukahlukeneyo eziquka imfiva, intloko, ukukhathala kunye nokuvuvukala okanye ukuvuvukala kweengqungquthela ze-salivary. Amangqamu angaphinda athathele ama-testicles kwaye abangela ukuvuvukala (orchitis) okanye ukuvutha. Ukuba ithemba lokuvuvukala okunjalo alaneleyo ukukholisa ukuba ugonywe, cinga ukuba i-orchitis inokuthi ibenze ngezinye izikhathi ibangele ukuthobeka.
Ukusulelwa ngentsholongwane ka-rubella inobunzima kwaye iphilileyo. Phantse kwisiqingatha salabo abanesifo, i-rubella ibangela ukugqithiswa kwezinga eliphantsi, eliqala ebusweni kwaye lisabalalisa kuwo wonke umzimba. Ukuvuvukala kweengqungquthela kwimva yentamo nentloko (i-postric auricular kunye ne-suboccipital) ihamba kunye nokukhawuleza. Kwiintsana ezithwele oomama abanesifo, usulelo lwe-rubella luyingozi kakhulu kwaye lubangele i-cataracts yokuzalwa engadingeki ukuba isuswe.
Okuthakazelisayo, kwimbali, i-rubella yaqala ukujongwa njengeyintsingiselo yemasisi (i-measle yaseJamani) okanye imfiva ebomvu. (Ukwenza izinto zidideke, imvama ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba yi-rubeola.) Kwada kwada kwaphakathi kwe-1900 ukuba i-virus ye-rubella yafunyanwa kwaye yaziwa njengegosa le-viral.
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Ukugonywa # 9: VaricellaI-vaccin ye-Varicella igqithiselwa ngokubanzi kwii-2: idosi enye kwiinyanga ezili-12 ukuya kwezi-15 kunye neyesibini kwimizuzu emi-4 ukuya kwe-6.
I-virus ye-varicella ye-zoster ibangela inkukhu ne-shingles (i-herpes zoster), isifo sobuhlungu besifo.
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Ukugonywa # 10: I-Hepatitis AIsitofu sokugonywa kwesibindi se-hepatitis A sisetyenziswe ezimbini kwimizuzu engama-12 no-24. Amanyathelo amabini kufuneka ahlukaniswe ngeenyanga ezi-6 ukuya kwezi-18.
Ngethamsanqa, ngokungafani ne-hepatitis B kunye no-C, i-hepatitis A ihluleka ukubangela isifo esingasigxina sesibindi kwaye ayifanekiyo. Itholakala ngokubanzi kumazwe asakhulayo aneemeko ezingcolileyo zokungcola apho, ngokwe-WHO, amaphesenti angama-90 yabantwana asuleleka ngaphambi kokuba aneminyaka eyi-10.
Iimpawu zokusuleleka kwesifo se-hepatitis A zinokusukela kwi-fever to severe fever, ihudo, isisu esiswini, ukulahleka kwesidlo, umchamo obumnyama kunye ne-jaundice okanye ukuphuka kwesikhumba kunye namehlo.
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Iigcini: I-Upshot (Pun ngokupheleleyo Injongo)Ngaphandle kweziganeko ezinqabileyo apho kugonywa khona ukugonywa (cinga kakhulu ukuphendulwa komzimba), sonke sidinga ukugonywa kungekhona nje ukuzikhusela thina kodwa nokukhusela abanye. Ukuba wena okanye umntwana wakho makasayi kugonywa, qhagamshelana nodokotela wakho ngenxa yokugonywa kokugonywa kwaye kuyatholakala. Nangona unayo i-inshurensi yezempilo, urhulumente wephondo ufumana imali yokugonywa ngeyona nto okanye ngaphandle kweendleko.
Ukugonywa kufana nokufana nokuvota. Ngokuqinisekileyo, sinokuxhomekeka kwabanye ukuba bavotele umviwa wethu oyithandayo kwiofisi njengaleyo, ngenxa yezinye kodwa ezi zizo zonke izifo, sinokuxhomekeka kwabanye abachithwe ukuba bahlale bekhuselekile (into eyaziwa njenge-immune immunity). Nangona kunjalo, nangona imiphumo yokungasebenzi kumgaqo-nkqubo wezopolitiko yinkqubo yezopolitiko kunye nemali, imiphumo yokungaphumeleli kugonywa ingaba yingozi.
Ukuqhekeka ngokukhawuleza kubangelwa ukunyuswa kwe-antivaccination e-United States nakwamanye amazwe aseNtshona kumaziko aphambili enonophelo lwempilo ngokuqinisekileyo yi-#firstworldproblem. (Njengoko kuboniswe ngokucacileyo nguMelinda Gates kwi-HuffPost Live, oomama kwiintlanga eziphuhlisayo bahamba ngeekhilomitha ezili-10, ekushiseni kunye nomntwana kwi-tow, ukufumana ukugonya, kuba bayazi ukuba ukufa kukubukeka njani.) Ngokudabukisayo, inani elibalulekileyo labantu , ngokusekelwe kwiingcebiso ezingonyango ezingabonakaliyo zogqirha (njengomdlalo we Playboy odlala naye uJenny McCarthy owayexhaswe kwi -View View emva nje kwexesha elilodwa), wenqabe ukugonya abantwana babo ngenxa yokwesaba i-autism okanye enye inxaxheba. (Musa ukungahambi kakuhle, I loooove Playboy njengaye umntwana olandelayo.) Ekugqibeleni, uya kuphulaphula ngcebiso: "iingcebiso" ezivela kwintloko yokuthetha engenakwazi okanye iingcebiso ezibonisa ingcali yezobugcisa ze-CDC kunye zonke ezinye iziko lokunakekelwa kwezempilo emhlabeni jikelele?
Imithombo ekhethiweyo
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Kumar S, Qamar AA. Isahluko 38. Ukusilela kwesibindi. Ku: I-Greenberger NJ, i-Blumberg RS, i-Burakoff R. eds. UKUPHATHWA KWEZINDAWO ZONYAKA / Utyando: I-Gastroenterology, i-Hepatology, ne-Endoscopy, 2e . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2012. Kufumaneka ngoJanuwari 28, 2015.
Murphy TF. Isahluko 145. iHaemophilus ne-Moraxella Infections. Ku: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. eds. Imigaqo yeHarrison ye-Medicine yangaphakathi, i-18e . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2012. Kufumaneka ngoJanuwari 29, 2015.
Pringle E, Graham EM. Isahluko 15. Iintlupheko ze-OMS ezidibene neZifo eziMpawu. Ku: Riordan-Eva P, Cunningham ET, Jr. eds. Vaughan & Asbury General Ophthalmology, 18e . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2011. Kufumaneka ngoJanuwari 29, 2015.
Zimmerman LA, iReef SE. Isahluko 193. I-Rubella (i-German Measles). Ku: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. eds. Imigaqo yeHarrison ye-Medicine yangaphakathi, i-18e . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2012. Kufumaneka ngoJanuwari 29, 2015.