Izifundo zichaza ukungafani kwamawele ngokuthi i-genes ifana.
Uchaza njani amawele afanayo angakhangeli ngokufanayo? I-stereotype yamamawele afanayo kukuba afana okufanayo: akhangeleka ngokufanayo, agqoke ngeengubo ezifanayo, abelana ngokufanayo kunye nokungathandekiyo. Abazali abanamawele afanayo bayazihluke, nangona kunjalo. Nangona igalelo lazo zofuzo ezabelwana ngazo, ukuphindaphinda okufanayo ngabantu ngabanye.
Nangona babelana ngokufanayo, banokuhlukana kakhulu.
Ngokomzekelo, abantwana bam behlala bebonakalisa malunga neepesenti ezimashumi mabini anesihlanu ekhulwini. Xa babesandul 'ukuzalwa, ubunzima beepounds ezine, Ngamanye amaxesha njengoko bekhulile, akubonakali. Siqinisekisile ukuba ngokwenene bafana namawele, kodwa abantu bahlala bekholelwa ukuba "abajongi" ngokufanayo.
Ayenzi ngokufanayo. Omnye uthanda ukudansa; omnye uthanda ukudlala i-basketball. Ngokuqinisekileyo, siyabakhuthaza ukuba baphishekele iimfuno zabo, kodwa ukuthambekela kokuqala kule mi sebenzi kwakukho konke.
Ziziphi Iimbini Zamaqabane?
Ngokufanayo, okanye i- monozygotic , amawele akhula ukusuka kwindidi enye yeqanda / yesidoda ekwahlula iintsuku ezimbalwa emva kokukhulelwa. I-DNA yabo ivela kumthombo omnye, ngoko ukuveliswa kwazo ngokwemizimba kuyafana kwaye iziganeko ezichongiwe yi-genetics ziya kufana.
Amawele e-Monozygotic ahlala esobufana obufanayo, ngaphandle kweemeko ezinqabile kakhulu ze-chromosomal defect.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inzala, okanye i- dizygotic , ifomati ifom xa amaqanda amabini ahlukeneyo ahluthwa yi-sperm ehlukeneyo kumjikelezo owodwa we-ovulation. Ayekho enye into efana nayo nayiphi na ibini yokwakheka, ukwabelana malunga ne-50% yabanikazi babo bezakhi zofuzo ngokudibanisa okuyingqayizivele kwezesini ezivela kubazali bobabini.
Ulwahlulo lwendalo
Nangona amawele afanayo afana nesethi efanayo yeezakhi zofuzo, uphuhliso loluntu alugcini nje ngofuzo. Ingqongileyo nayo inefuthe. Ngoko, ukuqala kwimeko yangaphambili yesibeleko, iimpembelelo zangaphandle zingatshintsha ukubonakala kwamawele. Ngokomzekelo, amanye amawele e-monozygotic abelana nge-placenta. Elinye iwele li noxhamla ngakumbi kwi-placenta, ifumana ukuhamba kokuqala kwezondlo. Le meko ingabangela ukungafani kwentsana phakathi kwabantwana, umahluko obonakalayo oqhubekayo njengoko bekhula. I-Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome (i-TTTS) yenye imeko echaphazela amawele esibelethweni kwaye inokuchaphazela uphuhliso lwabo.
Nangona amawele amaninzi ekhulayo kwindawo efana nekhaya, kukho iimeko ezininzi ezidala ukungafani kubonakala kubantwana, ubunobuntu kunye neminqweno. Njengoko amawele asebenza kwiminyaka yeshumi elivisayo, banokufuna ukuseka iimpawu ezahlukileyo ukwenzela ukuseka ubungqina bomntu ngamnye.
Ulwahlulo lwe-Epigenetic
Iingcali zenzululwazi zinikezele ngcaciso entsha malunga nokungafani phakathi kwamawele afanayo. I-epigenome ibhekisela ekuguqulweni kweekhemikhali zendalo ngaphakathi kwegama lomntu (iincwadi zomzimba). Njengoko i-New York Times ichaza inqaku, "bayenza umgubo onjenge-pedal pedal okanye ibhedi, elimakishayo kumsebenzi ophezulu okanye ophantsi."
Uphando oluqhutywe liqela labaphandi kwiCancer National Cancer Centre eMadrid yagqiba ukuba, ngoxa amawele afanayo azalwa ene-epigenome efanayo, iiprojenetic zabo ziqala ukudibanisa njengoko zikhula. Ukwahluka kwanda njengoko amawele ehlala ixesha elide kwaye achitha ixesha elingaphezulu. Iingcali zenzululwazi zanikela iingcamango ezimbini ukucacisa le nto. Okokuqala, amanqaku epigenetic asuswe ngokukhawuleza njengoko abantu bebudala. Okwesibini, iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo zitshintsha iphethini yamanqaku epigenetic.
Kwinqaku eWashington Post uDkt. Manel Esteller, omnye wabaphandi abaphambili, wathi "iziganeko ezincinane ngaphambi kokuba kuzalwe mhlawumbi zibhekiselele kwiintlobo ezincinane ezahlukileyo ekubonakaleni, ngobuntu kunye nempilo ebanzi yamawele amancinci."
Uphando lubalulekile kuba utshintsho kwi-epigenome lungabangela uxanduva lokuphuhliswa kwezifo, njengomhlaza. Kuthemba ukuba ukuqhutyelwa phambili kokufunda i-epigenome ngamawele afanayo kuya kunceda abaphandi bacacise izinto ezibangela umdlavuza.
Uphando olongezelelweyo loPhando alukho ngokucacileyo
Uphando olupapashwe kumagazini ka-Matshi 2008 we-American Journal of Human Genetics unikeza inkcazelo engakumbi, kwanobunzima kwimiba eyaziwayo yokuba amawele afanayo aneeprofayili ezifanayo zofuzo. Uphando lufumene utshintsho kwi-DNA ngokulandelana phakathi kwamawele afanayo, kuboniswe kwiNkophi yeeNguquko (xa i-gene ikhona kwiikopi ezininzi). Uphando aluzange luqinisekise ukuba ngaba utshintsho luvela ngexesha lophuhliso lomntwana okanye njengamawele eminyaka.
Uphando lubalulekile kuba iimeko ezininzi zonyango zinokutshintshwa ngokutshintshwa kweenombolo, njenge-autism, AIDS, kunye ne-lupus.
Imithombo:
Bruder, C., et al. "Iingqungquthela zeConotypically Concordant and Discordant Monozygotic zibonise i-DNA eyahlukeneyo-I-Number-Variation Profiles." I-American Journal ye-Human Genetics , ngoMatshi 3, 2008, iphe. 763.
Fraga, M., et al. Iintlukwano ze-epigenetic zivela ngexesha lokuphila kwamawele omama. Iinkqubo ze-National Academy of Sciences , Julayi 2005, iphe. 10604.