Xa kunikwe ugonyo, abaninzi abantwana bahlakulela izifo ezinokuthi zibancede ukuchasana nezifo zentsholongwane, njenge-hepatitis B, i-polio, kunye nemasisi, njl, okanye ukusuleleka kwe-bacterial, kubandakanya i-tetanus, i-pertussis (ukukhwehlela) kunye ne-diphtheria, njl njl.
Nangona kuye kwahlala kukho abantu abaye bachasene neigciwane, abaninzi abantu baye bacinga ngeigciwane njengenye yempumelelo yezempilo yekhulu lama-20.
Imbali yeeViccini
- U-Edward Jenner wenza uvavanyo olwenziwa ngo-1796 olukhokelela ekudalweni kwe-vaccine yokuqala ye-smallpox kwiminyaka embalwa kamva kwaye ithatha indawo yokuguqulwa njengendlela yokuthintela inqununu
- I-vaccine ye-rabies iphuhliswa nguLouis Pasteur ngo-1885
- Iipilisi zekholera kunye ne-typhoid zenziwe ngo-1896 kwaye isifo sokugonya kwesibetho ngo-1887
- Isifo sokugonywa kwe-diphtheria yokuqala senziwa ngo-1913 ngomsebenzi ka-Emil Adolf Behring, uWilliam Hallock Park kunye nabanye
- Iigciwane lokuqala ze- pertussis zenzeke ngo-1914, nangona kuya kuthatha amashumi eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba zisetyenziswe kakhulu
- I-vaccine ye-tetanus iphuhliswe ngowe-1927
- Abantwana abayi-12 bafa xa ibhotile yokusetyenziswa kwegciwane le-diphtheria engazange iqulethe i-conservative yahlaselwa ngamabhaktheriya kwiNtlekele yaseQueensland ngo-1928.
- UMax Theiler uvula isifo sokugonywa kwe-yellow fever ngo-1936
- I-AAP iyavuma ngokusemthethweni ukusetyenziswa kwesigontsho se-pertussis esenziwe nguPearl Kendrick no-Grace Elding ngo-1943
- Umgudu wokuqala wokugonya umkhuhlane uvumelekile ukusetyenziswa e-US ngo-1945
- I-diphtheria, i-tetanus, kunye ne-pertussis iigciwane zihlangene kwisigxina esisodwa se-DTP ngo-1948
- I-Salk engaxilwanga ukugonywa kwe-polio (IPV) iqaliswa ngo-1955
- Abantwana abangaba ngu-200 bahlakulela i-polio ngo-1955 kwiimpawu zokugonywa kwepholio kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-Cutter Incident
- Ukuphila ngokusemthethweni, ngomlomo we-Sabin wokugonya i-polio (OPV) endaweni ye-Salk igonywa ngo-1962
- Isigulane sokugonywa kwe-measles sokuqala sasigunyazisiwe ngo-1963 kodwa satshintshwa enye igciwane lesandulela ngculazi elincinciweyo elibangele imiphumo embalwa ngo-1968
- Ukugonya kwe-MMR kuyafumaneka ngo-1971, idibanise iigcini zamasisi, i-mumps (ilayisenisi ngo-1967), kunye ne-rubella (1969), kwaye yayinikezelwa rhoqo xa abantwana beentlanga ezili-15 ubudala
- Ukugonywa ngamaxesha onke ngama-vaccine vaccines ekupheleni kwe-US ngo-1972
- I-Pneumovax , isitofu sokuqala sokukhusela i-pneumococcal ekhusela abantwana kunye nabantu abadala kwiintlobo ezithile ze-Streptococcus pneumoniae ibhakteria ivunyiwe ngo-1971 kwaye inikwe abantwana abasengozini enkulu.
- I-Thirty-Third Assembly World Health Assembly ithi i-smallpox iphela ngo-1979
- I-Menomune, isitofu sokuqala sokugonywa kwe-meningococcal ilayisenisi ngo-1981 kwaye isinconywa kubantwana abasengozini enkulu kwaze kwaba yinto ekutshintshwa nguMenactra
- Ukugonya kwe-hepatitis B e-plasma ilayisenisi ngo-1981
- I-Roulette ye-Vaccine , inxalenye yeendaba eziphikisanayo, i-airs ngo-1982 kwaye izama ukudibanisa ukugonya kwe-DPT kunye nomonakalo wengqondo esisigxina, inciphisa ingozi ye-pertussis isifo kwaye inokunceda ukuqala ininzi ye-anti-vaccine
- I-Haemophilus b capsular vacysaccharide yokugonya ilayisenisi ngo-1985, kodwa ngelanga aliboneleli ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo kubantwana abangaphantsi kweenyanga ezili-18 ukuya kwezi-24, abasemngciphekweni weHaemophilus influenzae Uhlobo lwesifo
- Ukugonya kwe-hepatitis B ephindaphindiweyo (i-Recombivax HB) ivunyiwe ngo-1986 kodwa ikhuthazwa kuphela ukuba isetyenziswe kulabo abasemngciphekweni omkhulu wokusuleleka
- Enye i-vaccine ye-hepatitis B, i-Engerix-B, ivunyiwe ngo-1989
- I-Haemophilus b ye-conjugate vaccine (PRP-D) ivunyiwe ngo-1988 ukukhusela i-Haemophilus influenzae uhlobo lwesifo kuzo zonke iintsana ubuncinane ubuncinane kweenyanga ezili-18 ubudala, kodwa ngo-1990, zatshintshwa iinguqu ezi-2 ze-Hib conjugate (PRP-HbOC). kunye ne-PRP-OMP) enokunikwa iintsana ezincinane ezinyangeni ezimbini
- I-dose ephakamileyo ye-MMR iphakanyiswa okokuqala ngo-1989, kodwa kuphela kubantwana abahlala kwiibalo ezinenani elingama-5 lamasetyisi. Ishedyuli ye-MMR yesibini ayizange isetyenziswe kuzo zonke iintsana de kube ngo-1994.
- Inkqubo yokuBika iMicimbi yokuSetyenziswa kweNtsholongwane (i-VAERS) isungulwe ngo-1990
- Izigulane ze-hepatitis B ne-Hib zicetyiswa kuzo zonke iintsana ngo-1991
- Ukugonya kwe-DTaP, okufuneka ukuba ibe nemiphumo embalwa yecala ngaphandle kwe-DTP ilayisenisi, kwaye ngo-1997 ithatha indawo ye-DTP kuzo zonke izilingo ezifunekayo, nangona i-DTP ayibonakalwanga ukuba ibangele ukubola okanye ukulimala kwengqondo, njengoko kwakunjalo kwi- Vaccine Roulette
- I-WHO ithi i-polio isuswe kwi-Western Hemisphere ngo-1994
- Isitofu sokukhusela abantwana malunga nenkukhu yenkukhu (Varivax) ilayisenisi ngo-1995
- I-VAQTA, isitofu sokuqala sokugonywa kwe-hepatitis A ivunyiwe yi-FDA ngo-1996 kubantwana abaneminyaka engama-mibini ubudala kodwa kunikwa abantwana abasengozini enkulu yokufumana i-hepatitis A
- I-Salk engakhange ifakwe kwisitofu sokugonywa kwe-polio (IPV) iphinda ikhuthazwe abantwana kwaye ithathe indawo yokugonya ngomlomo (OPV) ngo-1996 ngenxa yengozi encinci ye-poliomyelitis echaphazelekayo yokugonywa (VAPP), ngokuqala kwenkqubo yokugonywa kwe-IPV-OPV. ngokuya kwiprogram yonke ye-IPV ngo-2000
- I-RotaShield, isitofu sokuqala sokugonywa kwe-rotavirus ilayisenisi ngo-1998 kodwa ngokukhawuleza ihoxiswe kwikarhwebo ngo-1999 emva kokuba inxulumene nomngcipheko ophezulu wokungeniswa kwempahla, uhlobo lwesithintelo semfuyo
- I-LYMErix, isifo sokugonywa kwesifo seLyme, ilayisenisi ngo-1998
- UDkt. Andrew Wakefield ushicilela ingxelo kwingxelo yeLancet ezama ukudibanisa i-MMR kunye ne-autism
- I-Thimerosal isuswe kwiininzi zegciwane kwishedyuli yokugonywa kwabantwana ngo-1999 nangama-2000
- Ubungqimba obunzima buvakaliswa ku-United States ngo-2000
- I-Prevnar, isitofu esitsha esitsha sokukhusela i-pneumococcal, esingazange sibe ne-thimerosal, ilayisenisi ngo-2000 kwaye yongezwa kwishedyuli yokugonywa ngonyaka ozayo
- I-LYMErix isuka kwikarhwebo ngenxa yokuthengisa okwaneleyo ngo-2002
- I-Flumist, isifo sokugonya somhlaza, esiya kuphila, sivunyiwe ngo-2004
- Ubunubumba obunzima buvakaliswa ku-United States ngo-2004
- Umkhuhlane udutshulwa kubo bonke abantwana abasempilweni phakathi kweenyanga eziyi-6 neye-23 baba yisiluleko esisemthethweni kwixesha lomkhuhlane we-2004-05.
- Ukuqala kwonyaka wama-2004-05 umkhuhlane, ukucetyiswa komkhuhlane kunconywa kubasetyhini abaya kukhulelwa ngexesha lexesha lomkhuhlane, nakweyiphi i-trimester, eyahlukileyo kuneziphakamiso zangaphambilini zokugonya umkhuhlane ukuba umfazi uya kuba ngaphaya kwekota yokuqala ukukhulelwa ngexesha lexesha lomkhuhlane. Ngelishwa, nangona bahlala kwisigaba esichengeni, ngaba kuphela aba-13% abafazi abakhulelwe bafumana umgomo wokugonya umkhuhlane ngo-2003.
- I-Havrix, esinye isitofu sokugonywa kwe-hepatitis A, sivunyiwe ngo-2005 kwaye isibonakaliso seminyaka yesibini ye-hepatitis A iyancipha kwiinyanga ezili-12.
- I-Menactra, isitofu sokukhusela kwiintlobo ezithile zeesifo se-meningococcal ilayisenisi ngo-2005 kwaye yongezwa kwishedyuli yokugonywa ngo-2006, ikhuthazwa kubo bonke abaneminyaka eyi-11 ukuya kwe-12 ubudala okanye xa bangena esikolweni esiphakeme
- Ukugonya kweTdap (i-Boostrix okanye i-Adacel) Kunconywa ukuba intsha kunye nabantu abadala bawavikele kwi-pertussis ngo-2006 kwaye bathathe indawo yokugonywa kweTd yangaphambili eyayisebenzisana ne-tetanus ne-diphtheria
- I-RotaTeq, enye i-rotavirus yokugonya, ilayisenisi ngo-2006 kwaye yongezwa kwishedyuli yokugonywa ngo-2007
- I-vaccination ye-hepatitis A yongezwa kwishedyuli yokugonywa kwabantwana ngo-2006
- I-Gardasil, i-vaccine yokuqala ye-HPV, ivunyiwe ngo-2006
- Isalathisi sesibili sokukhusela isitofu somgquba sinyango sinezicwangciso zonyango ngo-2007 ukunceda ukukhusela izifo
- Olunye ugonywa lwe-rotavirus, uRotaRix, luvunyiwe ngo-2008
- Enye i-HPV yokugonya, iCervarix, ivunyiwe ngo-2009
- Enye imithi yokugonya yamadoda, i-Menveo, ivunyiwe ngo-2010
- Inguqulelo entsha ye-Prevnar, enokubonelela ngeengxaki ezi-13 zebhakteria ye-pneumococcal, ivunyiwe kwaye ithathe indawo yenguqu edala (i-Prevnar 7) ngo-2010
- I-Fluzone Intradermal kunye neFluzone High-Dose ziyizikhetho ezimbini zokugonya umkhuhlane oye wafumaneka ngo-2011
- Isitofu sokugonya esikhusela iHaemophilus influenzae uhlobo b kunye ne-Neisseria meningitidis serogroups C no-Y zivunyiwe yi-FDA ngo-2013. I-MenHibrix inconywa kubantwana abasengozini enkulu yokugula kwe-meningococcal.
- Izigulane zentsholongwane e-Quadrivalent, ezikhusela eminye imithwalo yesifo somkhuhlane, ziyafumaneka kwixesha lomkhuhlane we-2013-14
- I-Trumenba, isitofu sokuqala sokukhusela kwisifo se-serogroup B Meningococcal ivunyiwe yi-FDA (Oktobha 2014). Ngaphambili, i-Bexsero, ukugonya kwe-MenB evunyiwe kwamanye amazwe, kunikwe abafundi abathile beekholeji ngexesha lokuphazamiseka phantsi kweprogram yokufikelela kwe-FDA yokuvelisa iimveliso zophando. Bobabini banconywa ngu-ACIP kulabo abasengozini enkulu yokungenwa kwe-meningococcal serogroup B.
- I-Gardasil 9 ivunyiwe yi-FDA (Disemba 2014) ukukhusela kwiintlobo ezongezelelweyo ze-HPV.
Iintsholongwane zentsholongwane
Ukongeza kwezi zintsholongwane ezitsha, izitofu ezitsha zokudibanisa izitsha ziye zaziswa ngaphezu kweminyaka, kubandakanywa:
- ITetramune , inhlanganisela ye-DTP ne-Hib, ngo-1993
- I-Comvax , inhlanganisela yeHib kunye ne-Hepatitis B, ngo-1996
- I-Pediarix , inhlanganisela ye-DTaP, IPV, kunye nokugonya kwe-hepatitis B, ngo-2004
- ProQuad , inhlanganisela ye-MMR kunye ne-Varivax, ngo-2006
- I-Pentacel , inhlanganisela ye-DTaP, iPV, ne-Hib, ngo-2008
- I-Kinrix , inhlanganisela ye-DTaP ne-IPV, ngo-2008
Nangona bengatshintshi inani leentsholongwane zezingane zakho, izitofu zokudibanisa zinokunciphisa inani lamashishini awafumanayo ngetyelelo ngalinye. Ngokomzekelo, esikhundleni seentlobo ezintathu ezihlukeneyo zeDTaP, IPV, kunye ne-Hib shots kubantwana bakhe bobabini, ezine, neenyanga ezintandathu ezivakatye kakuhle, umntwana wakho unokufumana i-Pentacel enye ibetha nganye.
Umncedisi weShedyuli yeShedyuli
Ikhowudi yangoku yeshedyuli yokugonywa kwabantwana, echazwe qho ngonyaka yiKomidi elicebisa ngeMigangatho yokuViliswa (ACIP), i-American Academy ye-Pediatrics (AAP), kunye ne-American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), yapapashwa kuqala Ngo-1995. Ngelo xesha, izigulane ezicetywayo zazibandakanya i-hepatitis B, i-DTP, nangona i-DTaP yayifumaneka kwi-booster doses kwiinyanga ezili-15 ukuya kwezi-18 kunye neminyaka emi-4 kuya kwe-6, i-Td, i-OPV (isitofu somlomo we-poliovirus), kunye ne-MMR.
Ngaphambi ko-1995, i-ACIP yashicilela iishedyuli zogonywa xa kukho iziphakamiso ezintsha ezatshintshile ishedyuli, njengoko kwenzekayo:
- Ngo-1994 - ii-Hib ne-hepatitis B zokugonya zinconywa kuzo zonke iintsana kunye ne-booster MMR kuzo zonke iintsana
- Ngo-1989 - Ukugonya kwe-Hib kunconywe kubo bonke abantwana abaselula kwiinyanga ezili-18 ubudala kunye ne-booster MMR eyayinconywa kubantwana abaninzi
- 1983 - kule shedyuli, abantwana bafumana i-DTP (i-5 doses), i-OPV (i-4 doses), i-MMR (i-dose e-1) kunye ne-Td
Nangona abanye abazali befuna ukubuyela kule shedyuli yangaphambili xa abantwana befumana iigcini ezincinci, kubalulekile ukukhumbula enye inxalenye yembali, njengokuba kwakukho ixesha apho, unyaka ngamnye, abantu (ikakhulukazi abantwana) bafumana:
- I-pneumonia, i-meningitis, kunye nokusuleleka kwegazi kwi- Streptococcus pneumoniae ibhaktheriya - amacala angama-63,067 kunye nokufa kwama-6500
- I-Meningitis, i-epiglottitis, kunye nezinye izifo ezinzulu ezivela kwiHaemophilus influenzae uhlobo b (Hib) ibhaktheriya - amacala angama-20 000 kunye nokufa kwabantu abayi-1 000
- I-Meningococcemia kunye ne-meningococcal meningitis
- I-Hepatitis A - iimeko ezingama-117,333, i-6863 yezibhedlele, kunye nama-137 okufa
- I-Hepatitis B - 66, iimeko ezingama-232, izibhedlele ezingama-7,348 kunye nokufa kwabangu-237
- I-Rotavirus gastroenteritis - iziganeko eziyizigidi ezi-3, izibhedlele ezingama-70 kunye nokufa kwe-20 ukuya kwe-60
- I-Chickenpox - iziganeko ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezi-4, izibhedlele ezili-10, kunye nokufa kwabangu-100
- Iifom eziqhelekileyo ze-HPV ezingabangela umdlavuza wesibeleko
Kwaye ekubeni izitofu zifakwe kulezi zifo kunye nezinye izifo ezikhuselwe ukukhusela, iziganeko ezininzi ziye zahla kuma-99 ukuya kwi-100 ekhulwini.
Njengoko kuninzi nangaphezulu ukwenzela ukuqinisekisa abazali malunga nokukhuselwa kwamagciwane, kubandakanywa ukuba imizamo yokudibanisa i-autism kunye ne-vaccines ayinakuvunywa kwaye isithwathwa sisusiwe kuzo zonke izitofu kwishedyuli yokugonywa kwabantwana, kuya kuba lusizi ukuvumela amanqanaba okugonywa kwaye ezi zifo zibuyela.
> Imithombo:
> Ixesha elide: Iimigaqo kunye nokuSebenza kwezifo ezithathelwanayo ezithintekayo kwizifo ezithathelwanayo ezihlaziyiweyo. - 2009.
> I-American Academy yeKomiti yeePediatrics ingxelo: I-American Pediatrics: Iziganeko ezinkulu kwi-Millennium. Iipilatrics, Juni 2001; 107: 1482 - 1491.
> Shapiro-Shapin CG. U-Pearl Kendrick, u-Grace ubudala, kunye ne-pertussis. Emerg Disfect Dis. Umqulu 16, iNombolo 8-Agasti 2010.
> Mandell: Mandell, Douglas, kunye ne-Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, yesi-7.
> I-Poliomyelitis Prevention e-United States. Iziphakamiso eziPhakanyisiweyo zeKomidi eliPhakamisayo malunga neMisebenzi yokuGonya (ACIP). MMWR. NgoMeyi 19, 2000/49 (RR05); 1-22.
> I-Haemophilus b I-Vaccines ye-conjugate yokuthintela i-Haemophilus > i-influenzae > Uhlobo b izifo phakathi kweintsana kunye nezingane ezinyangeni ezimbini zonyaka kunye neengcebiso ezidala ze-ACIP. MMWR. NgoJanuwari 11, 1991/40 (RR01); 1-7
> Iimpumelelo kwiMpilo kaRhulumente, 1900-1999 Impembelelo yeeViyo kwiNyuvesi yaseNyuvesi iphakanyiselwe abantwana - > United > States, 1990-1998. MMWR. Aprili 02, 1999/48 (12); 243-248
> Roush SW. Ukuqhathaniswa kweembali zokufa kunye nokufa kwezifo ezikhuseleke ukugonya eUnited States. JAMA. 14-NOV-2007; 298 (18): 2155-63
> UEvan J. Anderson. Impact ye-Rotavirus Vaccination kwi-Hospital-Acquired Rotavirus Gastroenteritis kwaBantwana. Izifo zengqondo ngo-2011; 127: e264-e270.