Indlela Abasetyenzisiweyo Nokuba Kutheni Abaxhatshazwayo
Iigonti zivuselela umzimba wakho ukuvelisa ukukhuselwa kwisifo. Abanye basebenzisa ii-virus eziphilayo xa abanye besetyenzisiwe okanye bebulewe ii-virus okanye ibhaktheriya. Kwezinye izifo, zombini iinguqu zikhoyo kwaye ngamnye ucetyiswa ngabantu abahlukeneyo, njengalezo ezingabonakaliyo. Unokuba nemibuzo malunga nokuba uya kuba negalelo kwesi sifo emva kokufumana igciwane lokuphila ngenxa yokutyhala kwegciwane.
Izigulane eziphilayo zikhuselekile, kunye nezinye izilumkiso, ngakumbi xa kuthelekiswa nomngcipheko wokufumana isifo ngokwawo kwaye sisasaze kwabanye.
Ukuphila ngokuchasene neViccine ezingasebenzi
Izigulane eziphilayo ziqulethe uhlobo oluthathaka okanye olunqandekileyo lwegciwane okanye ibhaktheriya. Oku, ngokuchaseneyo, "ukubulawa" okanye izitofu ezingasebenzi. Oku kunokuvakala kokwesaba ekuqaleni ukuba uqaphele ukuba isitofu sokugonywa siqulethe intsholongwane ebuthakathaka okanye ibhaktheriya, kodwa ezi ziguqulwayo ukuze zingabangeli izifo-ubuncinci kubantu abanezixhobo zokuzivikela ezikhuselekileyo, kwaye uninzi lwabantu abangenalo isistim somzimba sokukhuselana nomzimba kunye .
Ukuba umntwana (okanye umntu omdala) unesistim somzimba esiciniweyo, izigulane eziphilayo azinikwe. Apho oku kungenokuba ingxaki kukuphalaza. Emva kokufumana isitofu sokugonywa, ezinye ze-virus ezibuthathaka ziya kuhamba emzimbeni kwaye zibekho kwiimfihlo zomzimba ezinjengamanzi.
Olunye uhlobo oluphambili lokugonya lwenziwa yintsholongwane engasebenzi okanye ibhaktheriya (isitofu esipheleleyo) okanye iindawo ezithile zegciwane okanye ibhaktheriya (isitofu sokugonya).
Iingenelo kunye neNzuzo yeZigcino eziPhila
Iigciwane eziphilayo zicingelwa ukuba zize zifanise ukusuleleka kwezifo zendalo kwaye zivame ukubonelela ngokukhuseleka komntu omnye okanye ezimbini. Uninzi lwezigulane ezingagciniweyo, ngokuchaseneyo, zifuna amanani amanqanaba athile kunye nezikhuthazo (iminyaka emva) ukuze zithole uhlobo olufanayo lokuzikhusela. Kwezinye iintlobo zemigomo yokuphila, i-dose yesibini inikezelwa kuba abanye abantu abaphenduli kwimizuzu yokuqala, kodwa oko akuthathwa njengesixhasi.
Phambi kweeVIV
Abantwana baye bafumana iigciwane eziphilayo iminyaka emininzi, kwaye ezi zitofu zibhekwa ukuba zikhuselekileyo kubantu abaphilileyo. Enyanisweni, esinye sezigulane zokuqala, isitofu sokugonya, sasisigxina segciwane. Ngenxa yesigxina esasasazekayo, imeko yokugqibela yendalo ye-smallpox yenzeke ngo-1977 (kwakukho ityala ngenxa yengozi yebhoratri ngo-1978) kwaye isifo savakaliswa ukuba siphelwe emhlabeni jikelele ngo-1979.
Imizekelo yeVidiyo eziPhila
Iigciwane eziphilayo ziquka:
- I-MMR: I-measles yamasistim, i-mumps, kunye ne-rubella vaccine
- Vavivax: I-varicella okanye isitofu sokugonya inkukhu
- Iproquad : Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-MMR kunye ne-Varivax
- I-RotaTeq kunye neRotarix: iigciwane le-Rotavirus
- I-Flumist: I-vacal ye-spray vacray (i-shot frimp is a vaccinated vaccine)
- Ukugonya kwe-yellow fever: Ukugonya kwintsholongwane egxininiswayo, iphila ngentsholongwane yokucetyiswa kwabahambi ukuya kwiindawo ezinobungozi
- Ukhuselo lwe-Adenovirus: Ukhuselo lwegciwane oluphilayo olukhusela ngohlobo lwe-4 kunye nohlobo lwe-adenovirus ye-7, oluvunyelwe kuphela kwabasebenzi basejoni
- Ukugonywa kweTyidyide: I-vacphoid oral typhoid yenziwa nge- Salmonella typhi , i-bacterium eyenza i-typhoid fever. Inkokhelo engavumelekanga, injectable yesitofu sokugonya nayo iyafumaneka. Ingozi yokugonywa kwe-typhoid iya kunikwa kuphela kubahambi ukuya kwiindawo ezinobungozi.
- I-BCG: I-bacilli Calmette-Guerin isifo sofuba sesifo sesifo sofuba asiyisetyenziswanga rhoqo kwi-United States kuba ikhusela i-TB enamandla, isifo esingaqhelekanga e-United States.
- Isigodlo sesigxina: Asisetyenziswa rhoqo ukususela ngowe-1972, kodwa ikhona kwiindawo zokugcina iimpahla xa kufuneka
- I-OPV: I-OPV yokuqala (isitofu sokugonywa kwe-Sabin) yayiyi-vaccine yokuphila kwaye ithathelwe endaweni e-United States ngokuchithwa kwe-polio (iScott vaccine). I-polio ngonyaka ngamnye eUnited States ivakalelwa kukuba ngenxa yokugonya.
Izigulane zentsholongwane eziphila kuphela ezisetyenziswayo ziquka i-MMR, i-Varivax, i-Rotavirus, ne-Flumist (i-shot injectable shot shot).
UkuViliswa kweVIV
Nangona izitofu eziphilayo azibangeli izifo kubantu abazitholayo ngenxa yokuba zenziwe ngeentsholongwane ezinobuthakathaka kunye neebhaktheriya, kukho ukukhathazeka ukuba umntu onokukhubazeka kakhulu omzimba angagula emva kokufumana igciwane lokuphila. Yingakho iigcini zokuhlala zingagqalwa kubantu abafumana i-chemotherapy okanye abane-HIV enzima, phakathi kwezinye iimeko.
Ukuba ingaba unika isitofu esiphilayo kumntu onenkathalo yesistim somzimba wakhe kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwiimeko abaye nazo kunye neqondo lokuzikhusela kwabo. Ngokomzekelo, ngoku kunconywa ukuba abantwana abanentsholongwane kaGawulayo bathole iigciwane le-MMR, Varivax, kunye ne-rotavirus, ngokuxhomekeka kwiingxelo zabo ze-CD4 + T-lymphocyte.
Ukukhutshwa kweNtsholongwane kunye neeViyo eziVimbayo
Ngamanye amaxesha abazali banenkxalabo malunga nokuba abantwana babo abaphilileyo kufuneka bafumane iigciwane eziphilayo ukuba baya kubonakaliswa nomnye umntu onenkinga nge-immune system, ingakumbi ukuba basondelelene nomntu oye wakhazamisa umkhuhlane.
Ngethamsanqa, ngaphandle kwe-OPV kunye ne-smallpox, engasetyenziswanga kwakhona, abantwana abahlala nomntu onokukhubazeka kwe-immunologic kwaye banokufumana iigonya ezininzi kwishedyuli yokugonywa kwabantwana, njenge-MMR, Varivax, kunye ne-rotavirus. Kuya kuba yinto engavumelekanga kakhulu ukuba umntu athathe enye yee virus kwi-virus. Ingqalelo enkulu kukuba umntwana ongatshitshisiyo unokufumana intsholongwane yemvelo ngemasisi okanye inkukhu yenkomo aze adlule kulowo mntu unesistim somzimba womzimba.
Izikhokelo ezivela kwi-Immune Defence Foundation:
Vala oonxibelelwano lwezigulane ezinokukhuseleka kwe-immunity akufuneki ukufumana isitofu somlomo wepilisivirus ngomlomo ngenxa yokuba banokukhupha intsholongwane kunye nokusulela isigulane esinokukhubazeka. Vala oonxibelelwano banokufumana ezinye iigcino eziqhelekileyo ngenxa yokuba kungenakwenzeka ukutyhala kwamagciwane kwaye oku kubangela ingozi enkulu yokusuleleka kwisifundo esinokukhubazeka.
Ngaphandle kokuba umntwana adibene nomntu ongenasigxininiso, njengokufumana ukutshintshwa kweeseli ze-stem kunye nokuba yindawo ekhuselekileyo, umntwana unokufumana isitofu sokugonya somkhuhlane.
Ukuxhalabisa kwiyiphi na iimeko zichithwa ngentsholongwane, apho umntu osuleleka khona kwaye unokutshatyalalisa intsholongwane komnye umntu. Xa ugula ngengqele, umkhuhlane, isifo esibandayo, okanye esinye isifo esichukumisayo, akuqhelekanga ukuba usasaze kwabanye abantu ngokukhupha intsholongwane okanye ibhaktheriya eyenza ugula.
Ngokuchithwa kwe-vaccine yangempela, njengokwesikhoselo somlomo we-polio, igciwane lesigontsho lingaphala emva kokugonywa nangona ungazange ugule ngentsholongwane. Ngethamsanqa, xa abanye abaninzi befumana igciwane lokugonya, abagulwanga nokuba kunjalo, njengoko bevezwe kwintsholongwane yokugonywa kwegciwane. Oku kwakucatshangelwa ukuba kuyinzuzo yokugonya komlomo we-polio, ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezinokuhlanjululwa kococeko kunye nococeko njengokuba bekuya kubakho ukukhusela kwabanye. Sekunjalo, ukuchithwa kwe-vaccine kungaba ngumngeni ukuba umntu ovelele unenkinga enkulu ye-immune system.
Ngethamsanqa, ukuchithwa kwamagciwane akuqhelekanga ingxaki kuba:
- Uninzi lwezitofu aluhlali kwaye aluyi kutyhalala, kuquka iDTaP, Tdap, ukuqhuma komkhuhlane, i-Hib, i-hepatitis A ne-B, i-Prevnar, i-IPV, ne-HPV kunye ne-vaccination vaccines.
- Isigodlo sokugonywa komlomo we-polio asisetyenziswanga eUnited States nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi apho ipholio ilawulwa khona.
- Ukugonya kwe-MMR akubangelwa ukutyhala, ngaphandle kokuba inxalenye ye-rubella yesitofu sokugonya ingenakudla i-breastmilk. Ekubeni i-rubella ngokuqhelekileyo isifo esincinci kubantwana, unokugonywa xa uncelisa. Kuyinto engaqabile kakhulu ukuba umntu atshintshe igciwane lesigontsho kumnye umntu emva kokuvelisa imasese ngale ndlela. Ukuphononongwa ngokuchanekileyo kwe-MMR yokugonywa ngo-2016 "kugqiba ukuba akukho maxesha aqinisekisiweyo okudluliselwa kwintsholongwane yokugonywa kwe-measles."
- Inkukhu yokugonywa kwenkukhu ayiyi kubangela ukutyhala ngaphandle kokuba umntwana wakho akhuphe i-vesicular rashular emva kokugonywa. Umngcipheko, nangona kunjalo, kucatshangelwa ukuba yinto encinci kwaye i-CDC ixela iimeko ezihlanu kuphela zokusasaza kwegciwane lesiglovongo emva kokugonywa kubandakanywa izidumbu ezingaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama-55 zokugonya.
- I-rotavirus yokugonywa ibangela kuphela ukuphalaza kwisitopu kwaye ingagwenywa ngeendlela eziqhelekileyo zokucoceka, ezifana nokuhlamba izandla. Umntu ongaxilwanga ngumzimba unokuphepha ukutshintsha i-diapers ubuncinane ngeveki emva kokuba umntwana athole isitofu sokugonywa kwe-rotavirus.
- Ukuhanjiswa kwe-vaccour spray ye-spray ye-spray ye-spray ye-spray ye-spray ye-spray ye-spray ifumaneka xa ihlolwe kwisitimu ezininzi, kubandakanywa nabantu abane-HIV, abantwana abafumana i-chemotherapy kunye nabantu abangenakuxilongwa.
Kwaye ke, abantwana bachitha iintsholongwane kwaye baxhomekeke kwangoko xa bengagonyanga kwaye ngokwemvelo bahlakulele nayiphi na yezi zifo ezikhuselweyo .
Oko Kufuneka Ukwazi Ngezigulane Eziphilayo
Kukho amanyathelo okuqapha okufuneka acingisise kunye neentsholongwane eziphilayo:
- Izigulane ezininzi eziphila-gciwane zingaphiwa ngexesha elifanayo, kodwa ukuba azinjalo kufuneka ulinde ubuncinane iiveki ezine ngaphambi kokufumana enye igciwane lokugonywa kwegciwane ukuze ungaphazamisane.
- Ngokuqhelekileyo kucetyiswa ukuba abantwana abanokufumana ukutshintshwa kwequmrhu eliqinileyo bahlaziywe kwiigciwane zabo eziphilayo iintsholongwane okungenani ezine iveki ngaphambi kokutshintshwa.
- Ukongezelela kubantwana abafumana i-chemotherapy, abantwana abafumana i-steroid yemihla ngemihla iintsuku ezili-14 okanye ngaphezulu banokulibaziseka ukufumana iigciwane eziphilayo ubuncinane kwiinyanga ezintathu. Kunokuba usengozini yokusuleleka, le ngcebiso idlalwa ngokuba isitofu sokugonywa asiyi kusebenza xa umntu e-steroids.
- Izigulane eziphilayo zichazwa ukuba zikhuselwe kwiNtsholongwane yeNayile yaseNtshonalanga, intsholongwane yokuphefumula i-syncytial virus (RSV,) I-virus ye-Parainfluenza, i-Herpes simplex, i-cytomegalovirus (CMV,) ne-Dengue virus (i-breakbone fever.)
- I-CDC ithi isitofu sokugonywa kwe-yellow fever kufuneka sigwenywe xa uncelisa, kodwa "xa unina onomama angakwazi ukuphepha okanye ukuyeka ukuhamba kwiindawo ezinobungozi be-yellow fever apho ingozi yokufumanisa iphezulu, aba bafazi mabagonywe." I-precaution ilandela ezintathu izifo ze-yellow fever-ezihambisana ne-neurologic zezifo kuphela kwiintsana ezibelethwe ngamanyana omama ogonywe.
- Ukuchithwa kwe-vaccine ayibangeli ukuqhuma-i -myth anti-vaccine .
Ngaphantsi kwiiViyo eziKhulayo
Uninzi lwezigulane zegciwane eziphilayo ezisetyenzisiweyo zihlala ziba yingxaki encinane kumntwana kunye nomngcipheko omncinci wokugalelwa kwegciwane elibangelwa zizifo kwabanye abangenakho ukuxilongwa. Abantu banokuva malunga nomngcipheko ongaqhelekanga wokuphucula i-polio (i -poliotic poliotic poliomyelitis ) ephuma kwi-vaccine ye-polio, kodwa eso sigxina asisekho e-United States. Kukho amanyathelo okuqapha okumele acingisise, njengokuba kusetyenziswa ukutshintshwa kwe-cell stem.
Yintoni ebangela umngcipheko kwindlela ejikeleze ngayo xa abo bangagonyanga bahlakulele ezi zifo. Ukuba unenkxalabo malunga nomntwana wakho ekufumaneni isitofu sokuphila, ngakumbi xa umntwana wakho okanye umntu othile ekhaya enenkinga nge-immune system, qi niseka ukuthetha nomntwana wakho.
> Imithombo
> Doherty, M., Schmidt-Orr, R., Santos, J. et al. Ukugonywa koLuntu oluPhezulu: Ukukhusela abaThathaka. Igciwane . 2016. 34952): 6681-6690.
> Kliegman R, uStanton B, W. SGJ, uSchor NF, Behrman RE. Ncwadana yeeNzululwazi . Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016.
> Lopez A, uMariette X, uBachelez H, et al. Izilongo zeNtsholongwane eziPhezulu zeMpilo: IsiCwangciso soVavanyo lweSistim kunye neSingqungquthela sokuSingqongileyo. Umbhalo we-Autoimmunity . 2017. 80: 10-27.
> IKomiti yeNgcebiso yezoNyango ye-Immune Defence Foundation, uShearer, W., Fleisher, T. et al. Iingcebiso zeVidial Live kunye ne-Acterial Vaccines kwi-Immunodeficient Patients kunye ne-Contacts yabo eFundelweyo. I-Journal ye-allergies kunye ne-Clinic Immunology . 2014. 133 (4): 961-6.