Iigonti zenzile umsebenzi omhle wokulawula izifo kumazwe athuthukileyo, njengama-United States, ukuba ngamanye amaxesha abazali bayalibala ukuba kubaluleke kangakanani kwaye ubomi buya kuba njani ngaphandle kwabo.
Iigcino zamanje kunye neeprogram zokugonya ezidlulileyo sele zilawula izifo ezi-10 ezikhuselweyo.
Ngelishwa, asikho sonke siphila kwixesha lokugqibela lokugonya.
Izifo-ezikhuselweyo zizifo kwi-Post-Vaccine Era
Ngaphandle kwesikhukhumba, izifo ezininzi zisasasazeka kwihlabathi lesithathu nakwilizwe elikhulayo, oku kuthetha ukuba kubuya phi na ukuba izitofu ziqala ukulibaziseka okanye ukuyeka. Ehlabathini lonke, i-World Heath Organisation ibika ukuba kukho ukuqhubeka kwezifo ezininzi zobuntwaneni ezi zigulo ezikhuselweyo zokhuseleko, okuquka:
- i-diphtheria - amacala angama-4,489 kunye nokufa kwama-2 500 (ngo-2011)
- I-Haemophilus influenzae uhlobo lwesifo b - ii-199,000 ukufa (2008)
- imasisi - ukufa kwe-122,000 (2012)
- iimvumba - ngaphezu kwama-680,000 amacala kubantwana nakubantu abadala (2012)
- I-tetanus ye-neonatal - i-59,000 yokufa (2008)
- i-pertussis - i-195,000 yokufa (2008)
- Izifo ze-pneumococcal - ukufa kwama-476,000 (2008)
- i-poliomyelitis - iimeko ezingama-404 kuphela ngo-2013
- i-rotavirus - i-453,000 yokufa (2008)
- i-rubella - ubuncinane iimeko ezingama-300 zentsholongwane ye-rubella syndrome (2012)
- irubella - ngaphezu kwama-94,000 amacala e-rubella (2012)
- i-smallpox (yachithwa emhlabeni jikelele ngo-1980)
- i-tetanus - 63,000 ukufa (2008)
- i-yellow fever - ama-130,000 amacala kunye nokufa kwama-44,000 (2013)
Senza inkqubela nangona kunjalo. I-CDC iqikelela ukuba emhlabeni wonke, "ukuqikelelwa kwezigidi ezili-13,8 kuphethwe yi-measles yokugonya ngexesha le-2000-2012" kwaye sisondele ekupheliseni i-polio.
I-polio ngoku iphela kwiindawo ezimbini nje - i-Afghanistan ne-Pakistan.
Izifo kunye nokuqhaqha kwezifo ezikhuselweyo zentsholongwane
Izifo zesifo sokukhusela ezikhuselweyo ngoku sele ziqheleke kakhulu. Enyanisweni, izifo zesifo semasisi zenzeke kwiminyaka emihlanu ukuya kwemihlanu e-United States, ezichaphazela abantu abangama-200 000 ukuya kuma-500,000.
Nangona i-measles iye yapheliswa kakhulu e-United States, ezinye iimeko ezizweni zingeniswa kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi. Kungenxa yokuba imasisi ihlala ibangela phambili yokufa kwabantwana abaselula emhlabeni wonke.
Ngaphandle kweentlawulo eziphantsi okanye ezingekho phantsi kwezifo ezininzi, ezifana nesisisi, i-polio, kunye ne-diphtheria e-United States, abazali abayikulibala ukuba ezi zifo zihamba ngokukrazuka kumntwana wakho. Ngendlela yokuqala yokuqala yase-California Measles Outbreak eyaqala ngayo - umntwana ongatshitshisiyo oye waya eSweden wayebonakaliswe kwiimasisi, wagula, waza wafumana nezinye iintsholongwane ezinegalelo legciwane lesiraga.
Kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza ukuba ezi ntsholongwane zingasasazeka zigqitywa ngamanye amaqhekeza kunye nezifo zesifo.
- Iirhafu ze-diphtheria, i-pertussis, kunye nemasisi zinyuke kakhulu emva kokuhlukana kweSoviet Union njengezitofu zange zingaphantsi eRussia nakwamanye amazwe aseNew Independent. Enyanisweni, iziganeko ze-diphtheria zafikelela kumazinga obhubhane ngo-1995 kwaye kwakukho ukufa kwabangaphezu kwama-4 000 ngexesha lokugqabhuka.
- Ukuqhambuka kwemasisi e-Ireland ngo-2000 emva kokusetyenziswa rhoqo kwesigxina se-MMR sehla ngenxa yokhuselo lokugonya, okukhokelela kumaziko angu-1407 nokufakwa kwabantwana abangu-111 esibhedlele. Okubhekiselele kwimiba engama-13 yabantwana yayigula kakhulu kangangokuthi kwafuneka ukuba bangeniswe kwiyunithi yokunyamekela kakhulu, ezisixhenxe zazingenawo umoya wokuphefumula, kwaye abantwana abathathu bafa.
- ukunyuka kwamazinga omasisi eYurophu, ukuya kuma-30 000 ngo-2011, okukhokelela ekufeni kwabangu-8, ama-27 amachiza e-encephalitis, kunye nama-1,482 amathambo endiza. Amaninzi amaninzi ayengagcini (82%) okanye angagonywanga ngokupheleleyo (13%) abantu, emva kokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-MMR yokugonywa ngenxa yeengxakinxu malunga nekhonkco enokwenzeka kwi-autism.
- Ukuqubuka kwe-polio eNetherlands (1992) kunye ne-United States neCanada phakathi kwabantu base-Amishi (1978) - bonke abantu abangabonwanga.
- ukuqhuma kwama-pertussis eJapan (1979) naseSweden (ngo-1983) emva kokuncipha kwamazinga okugonywa kwaye kwabangelwa ukufa kwabantwana abangama-41 eJapan ngaloo nyaka.
- ukuqubuka kwemasisi eNetherlands (1999 ukuya ku-2000) phakathi koluntu olungaphelelwanga, oluphelile ngamatyala angama-3,292, i-hospital hospitals, kunye nokufa kwe-3.
- ubhubhane ka-rubella ngo-1991 phakathi kwama-Amish ePennsylvania, ayenamazinga aphantsi okugonywa, akhokelela kuma-95 abhinqa abakhulelweyo abamba i-rubella, kubangelwa ama-9 ahlukeneyo kunye neziganeko ezili-11 zentsholongwane ye-rubella syndrome.
- eJapan ngowama-2013, kwakukho amacala angama-14,357 we-rubella kwaye ubuncinane ama-31 angama-31 e-congenital rubella syndrome.
IDiphtheria
I-Diphtheria yisifo esikhuselweyo sokugonya esibangelwa yiCorynebacterium diphtheriae bactteria. Iimpawu zibandakanya umkhuhlane, umqala womqala, kunye neempumlo ze-runny, kwaye zinokufana nesibanda. I-diphtheria ibhakteria inokuvelisa i-toxin engabangela i-membrane emhlophe emhlophe, engayenza igazi, ukuba ibe ngumntu onentsholongwane yomqala. Banokuthi bahlakulele "intamo yenkunzi" kubonakala ngokuba iimbumba zentamo ngenxa yokuba zandisiwe.
Usulelo lwezandi ezinjenge-strep throat kwi-steroids, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo ayikho into ofuna ukuba abantwana bakho bafumane, ingakumbi kuba ezinye zeengxaki zibandakanya i-myocarditis (ukuvutha kwentliziyo), ukuvinjelwa kwe-airway, i-coma, nokufa. Enyanisweni, ama-5% ukuya kwi-10% yabantu abangavumelekanga abane-diphtheria bafa.
Nangona kukho iimbalwa ezimbalwa ze-diphtheria e-United States, ngaphambi kokugonywa kwesigxina nge-diphtheria yokugonywa (i-D kwisigxina se- D TaP), eyaqala ngawo-1920, kwakukho amacala angama-125 000 kunye nokufa kwabantu abayi-10 000 ngonyaka.
Haemophilus influenzae uhlobo b
Abantu bavame ukudibanisa le ntsholongwane ngenxa yentsholongwane, kodwa ayikho into enokuyenza nangomkhuhlane ngaphandle kokuba ifunyanwe okokuqala ngethuba lomkhuhlane wesifo.
I-Haemophilus influenzae uhlobo b (Hib), ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa rhoqo kwesigontsho se-Hib, yayiyimbangela eqhelekileyo ye-bacterial meningitis kwaye yayiyimbangela eqhelekileyo ye-bacterium (ukusuleleka kwegazi), ukuphaphazeleka kwegazi, kunye ne-endocarditis (usulelo lweentsimbi zeentliziyo ). I-Hib inokubangela ukusuleleka kumagciwane kwezinye iindawo zomzimba, kubandakanya i-cellulitis (izifo zesikhumba), i-arthritis yokuxhamla (izifo ezihlangeneyo) kunye ne-osteomyelitis (izifo zethambo).
I-Epiglottis, enye intsholongwane engabangela ibhakteria ye-Hib, yimeko engxamisekileyo yezokwelapha eyayesatshiswa oogqirha nabazali, njengoko abantwana abachaphazelekayo bafuna unyango olukhawulezileyo kunye neengcali ukuze baphile.
Ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa rhoqo kwe-Hib yokugonya ngo-1988, abantwana abangaba ngu-20,000 babenokutheleleka kwe-Hib ngonyaka, kubandakanywa amacala ayi-12 000 we-bacterial meningitis. Iingxaki zokuba ne-meningitis zinokuba nzima, zichaphazela malunga ne-30% yabantwana, kwaye zibandakanya izithulu, ukuxhamla, ukuphosa, nokuphuza kwengqondo. Kwaye malunga ne-5% yabantwana abane-bacterial meningitis eyenziwa yi-Hib bacteria.
Iimpawu
Iingxube zintsholongwane echaphazelekayo. Ngaphambi kokuba i-measles yokugonywa rhoqo iqalise e-United States yaqala ngo-1963, kwakukho imeko engama-4 yezigidi zemasisi ngamnye ngonyaka.
Ngeshwa, malunga ne-20% yabantwana abanesistim babeya kuba neengxaki, kuquka ukusulelwa kwindlebe (10%), imiphunga yempumoniya (5%), kunye ne-encephalitis yamasisi (0.1% okanye 1 kwi-1,000). I-Encephalitis ukuvuvukala kwengqondo engakhokelela ekuthinjeni, ukunyaniseka nokulimala kwengqondo.
Okubaluleke kakhulu, malunga neyoku-1 ukuya kweyesi-3 kuzo zonke iimeko ezingama-1000 zemasisi eziphumela ekufeni.
Ngenxa yokuba ixhaphake kakhulu, isengxaki enjalo kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, kwaye abanye abazali basalokhu bexhala malunga nokukhuselwa kwesigxina se-MMR kunye nokunxibelelana okunokwenzeka kwi-autism, iingcali zezempilo ziqaphele ukuba i-measle ibuye xa imeko yokugonywa .
Amathumbu
Ubomvu luhlobo lweparotitis (ukuvuvukala kwe-parotid gland) ebangelwa yi-paramyxovirus. Iingxaki zingabandakanya i-meningitis, i-encephalitis, i-orchitis (ukuvuvukala kwama-ovari okanye amathambo), i-pancreatitis, kunye ne-myocarditis.
Ngaphandle kwexesha elivuthiweyo, iimvumba ngoku aziqabile eUnited States. I-vaccine ye-mumps yaqaliswa ngo-1968 kwaye yaqala ukusetyenziswa rhoqo ngo-1977 (yi-M ephakathi kwe-M M R yokugonya).
Ehlabathini lonke, kwakukho iziganeko ezingaphezu kwe-400 000 zamathambo ngo-2006.
Pertussis
I-Pertussis, okanye ukukhwehlela, kubangelwa ibhaktheriya yaseBordetella pertussis . Nangona ngoku ihambelana nokubangela ukucaphukisa, ukukhwehlela okukhulayo kubutsha kunye nabantu abadala, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba i-pertussis isetyenziselwa enye yezona zinto ezibangela ukufa ngenxa yokusuleleka kwabantwana. Enyanisweni, ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa rhoqo kwesigontsho se-pertussis kuma-1940, malunga no-1 kwabantwana abangu-750 baseMerika babeya kufa nge-pertussis ngamnye ngonyaka.
Iingxaki ze-pertussis izifo zibandakanya ukuxhatshazwa, i-pneumonia, i-apnea, i-encephalopathy (ishintsho sengqondo yengqondo), kwaye ukuya kwi-1% yabantwana abasetyana bafa ngokusuka ku-pertussis.
Ngokungafani nezinye izifo ezikhuselweyo zokugonya, kukho ukuqhubeka nokuba nama-5 000 ukuya kuma-7,000 amacala e-pertussis minyaka yonke e-United States. Oku kubangelwa ukuba ukhuseleko oluvela kumagciwane e-pertussis ebuntwaneni (i-AP kwi-DT aP vaccine) ngokuqhelekileyo igqithisa emva kweminyaka emi-5 ukuya kwe-10, ngoko-ke intsha kunye nabantu abadala bangafumana i-pertussis baze badlulisele kwiintsana kunye neentsana ezingagqityi iigerms okwangoku. Isinconywa se-booster dose ( Tdap ) kwiminyaka eyi-12 kufuneka ikuncede ukulwa nale ntsholongwane ye-pertussis.
Polio
Nangona abantu besabonakalisa ukuba i-polio ayisabonakali kwaye abanye bacinga ukuba sele sele bephelile, kwakukho iziganeko ezingaphezu kwe-2 000 ze-polio emhlabeni jikelele ngo-2006. Amaninzi amaninzi ngoku axhomekeke kumazwe ambalwa nje, kuquka i-Afghanistan kunye nePakistan, apho sisalindelekile.
Ngaphambi kokuba isitofu sokugonywa kwesifo sepholio saqala ukusetyenziswa ngo-1955, ukuqubuka kwe-polio kwakuqhelekile kwi-United States nangona kunjalo. I-polio ibangelwa yintsholongwane kwaye nangona abaninzi abantwana abasulelekileyo abanokusulela impawu, malunga ne-1 kwabangama-200 abasulelekileyo banesifo sengqondo sokukhubazeka. Uninzi lwaba bantwana banokukhubazeka ngokusisigxina kwaye ama-5 ukuya kwi-10% awaphili.
Ngexesha lokuqhuba rhoqo eMelika, kwakukho ama-21,000 amacala epholiyo yokukhubazeka unyaka ngamnye. Abazali besaba i-polio kangangokuthi amachibi okubhukuda kunye neendawo zokudlala ezazivaliwe ngexesha lokushisa xa kwakukho izifo zesifo.
Iiprogram zokugonywa kweMigama kumazwe ambalwa aseleyo apho i-polio yinkinga kwaye iqhubeke ukugonywa kuzo zonke ezinye iindawo zehlabathi kufuneka ukuba kungekudala ithetha ukuba injongo yokuphelisa i-polio iyinyani.
Rubella
I-Rubella yaziwa nangokuthi i-measles yaseJamani okanye "isisisi somhla ezintathu" kwaye ngokungafani nezinye izifo ezithintekayo zokugonya, le ntsho yintsholongwane ihlala ilula. Enyanisweni, abantu abaninzi abane-rubella abanakho naziphi iimpawu. Bonke abanye bane-lymphadenopathy (izibilini ezivuvuzayo), i-rash, kunye ne-fever-grade-grade which typically last for three days.
Ukuba i-rubella ibumnene, ngoko kutheni sifuna ukugonywa kwe-rubella?
Isizathu esiyinhloko kukuba ukuya kuma-80% eentsana ezizalelwe oomama abanesibamba se-rubella ngexesha lokuqala lokukhulelwa kwabo bavame ukuhlakulela i-rubella syndrome yesifo sokuzalwa, kunye nobungozi bokukhulelwa kwesisu. Ezi zintsana zivame ukuzalwa ezinokukhubazeka ezininzi zokuzalwa, ezibandakanya i-cataracts, izithulu, i-glaucoma, ukukhubazeka kwentliziyo, isifo se-hepatitis, isisindo sokuzalwa esincinci, ukulibala kwengqondo, i-microcephaly (intloko encinci), kunye ne-thrombocytopenic purpura (i-platelet low counts in blood).
Ngethuba lokugqabhuka kwe-rubella ngo-1964 ukuya ku-1965, kwakukho imeko engama-20 000 ye-rubella syndrome ye-congenital. I-Rubella ngoku ayifumaneki eUnited States ukususela kokusungulwa komgudu wokugonywa kwe-rubella ngo-1969 (yinxalenye yokugonya kwe-MM R ), kodwa isengxaki kwilizwe lonke, kunye nama-250,000 matyala ngo-2006.
ITetanus
Uninzi lwabazali badibanisa i-tetanus nge "lockjaw" kwaye badinga i-tetanus shot if you step on a clutch.
Ukusulelwa kwiintsana (i-neonatal tetanus enegciwane lesandulela-ntsholongwane) esetyenziselwa ukuba yinto eqhelekileyo yokusuleleka kwe-tetanus kwaye yayinzulu kakhulu, kwaze kwafika kwa-95% yabantwana. Ezi zifo sele zisehla xa isitofu se-tetanus senziwa ngo-1938 nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yeemeko zokuhanjiswa ngcono kunye nococeko.
I-tetan ibangelwa iibhox eziveliswa yi- Clostridium tetani bactteria. Iipropathi ze- C. tettani zifumaneka kwihlabathi nakwamathumbu ezininzi zezilwanyana. Ama-spores anokungcolisa ngokulula ukutywa, izibonda kunye namanye amanxeba - amanxeba angcolileyo.
Ngokungafani nezinye izifo ezikhuseleke ukugonywa, i-tetanus ayithelelanga.
Ukucoceka kakuhle kunye nokuqhubeka nokugonywa nge-tetanus yokugonya (i-T kwi-D T aP neT Tap vaccines) iholele kumazinga aphantsi aseTanan e-United States. Kusengxaki enkulu emhlabeni wonke.
Elinye igciwane elikhuselweyo Izifo
Ukongezelela kwezifo ezi-10 ezikhutshiwe okanye ezilawulwe kakuhle eUnited States ngamagciwane, iingcali zezempilo zisasebenza ekupheliseni abanye ngeentsholongwane ezintsha.
Ezi ziquka iintsholongwane kunye neebhaktheriya ezitshintshileyo okanye zibandakanya iintlobo ezininzi kwaye iigcino zamanje zikunceda, kodwa azinakuphelisa ngokupheleleyo izifo. Oku kubandakanya ukugonya komkhuhlane, okufuneka unikezelwe ngonyaka, iigciwane le-pneumococcal, i-meningococcal, kunye ne-rotavirus, ejolise kuphela kwimimandla ethile yebhaktheriya kunye ne-virus, kunye nenkukhu yenkukhu, i-hepatitis B, ne-vaccine ye-hepatitis A. kunikwa abantu abaneleyo ukuphelisa ezi zifo.
- I-Flu - nangona isifo sokugonya ngentsholongwane sonyaka sinconywa kubo bonke abantwana abangenani ubuncinane beenyanga ezintandathu ubudala, ziqhubeka ziba malunga nokufa kweentsholongwane ezingama-44 ukuya kuma-67 phakathi kwabantwana kwiminyaka embalwa edlulayo, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabantwana abangenakuvuthwa.
- I-Rotavirus - emhlabeni wonke, kukho ama-450 000 ukuya kuma-600,000 ukufa kwabantwana ngamnye ngonyaka ukusuka kwi-rotavirus, isizathu esivanayo sohudo. EUnited States, i-rotavirus ibangela izigidi ezi-3 zeziganeko zokurhudo, ezikhokelela kuma-hospital hospitals angaba ngu-80, kunye nokufa kwabangama-20 ukuya kwe-40, nangona oku kunciphisa kakhulu ngoku ukuba sinemigomo emibili ye-rotavirus - iRotaTeq ne-Rotarix.
- I-Chickenpox-nangona abazali abaninzi bacinga ukuba inkukhu isifo sonyango, ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa rhoqo kwe-Varivax, isitofu sokugonywa kwenkukhu ngo-1995, kwakukho izigidi ezi-4 zezigulana zeenkukhu ngamnye ngonyaka, eziphakathi kwezi-10 500 nezibhedlele zokufa kwabantu abayi-100 ngonyaka.
- I-Hepatitis B - malunga nezigidi ezingama-400 emhlabeni jikelele isifo sengculaza ye-hepatitis B, kuquka abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi e-United States. Abantwana banokufumana i-hepatitis B kwigazi kunye nomzimba wamanzi kunye nokuba bazalwa ngumama one-hepatitis B, yoko kutheni kubalulekile ukuba bafumane ukugonya kwe-hepatitis B yokuqala ngokukhawuleza emva kokuzalwa kwabo. Esi sicwangciso sokugonywa kwabantwana esichengileyo sisinciphisa kakhulu iimeko zokukhulelwa kwabantwana be-hepatitis B. Ekubeni abanye abantwana bafumana i-hepatitis B ngaphandle kwemingcipheko, i-dose yokuzalwa ye-hepatitis B ibalulekile, nangona umama engenayo i-hepatitis B.
- I-Hepatitis A - ngokungafani ne-hepatitis B, abantwana bafumana i-hepatitis A ukususela kwimihla yokutya kunye nokutya ukutya okungahlambulukanga, kubandakanywa ukutya kwenyama yokutya, ukuveliswa okutsha kunye nokuvela kwiindawo zokutyela. Uninzi lwabantwana kumazwe asathuthuka luphela lusuleleke lusuleleka kwintsholongwane ye-hepatitis A, kwaye nangona ingaqhelekanga, yenye yezona zigulo eziqhelekileyo ezikhuselweyo lokugonya eMelika.
- I-pneumococcus - ibhaktheriya ye-pneumococcus okanye i- Streptococcus pneumoniae ingabangela i-meningitis, i-pneumonia, i-bacteria, kunye nezifo zendlebe. Izigulane ezimbini ze-pneumococcal, ezibandakanya i- Prevnar enikwa njengenxalenye yeshedyuli yokugonywa kwabantwana, kunye ne-Pneumovax, enikwa abantwana abadala abasemngciphekweni kunye nabadala, inceda ukunciphisa ezi zifo. Ngaphambi kokuba izitofu zifumaneke, i- S. pneumoniae yayiza kubangela ama-700 amacala e-bacterial meningitis kunye nokufa kwabangu-200 ngonyaka ngamnye kubantwana. Ehlabathini lonke, kucatshangelwa ukuba kubangele ukufa kwabantu abayizigidi ezi-1.9 ngonyaka ngamnye kwabantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka yobudala.
- I-Meningococcus - ibhaktheriya ye-meningococcus okanye i- Neisseria meningitides ikhokelela ekufeni kwabantu abangaphezu kwama-50 000 ngonyaka. E-United States, kukho amacala angama-2 000 ukuya kuma-3 500 ngonyaka, kunye ne-10% yabantwana abachaphazelekayo bayafa. Izigulane ze-Menactra kunye ne-Menveo zamantococcal zicetyiswa kubo bonke abantwana xa beneminyaka eyi-11 ukuya kwe-12 ubudala.
Kwaye ngelishwa, kukho ezininzi izifo zokubulala abantwana ezingabikho zitofu okwamanje, njenge-malaria (abangaphezu kwama-850,000 ukufa rhoqo ngonyaka), isifo sofuba (450,000 ukufa ngonyaka), kunye ne-HIV / AIDS (abangaphezu kwama-320,000 ukufa ngonyaka).
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> I-Gershon: Izifo ezithathelwanayo ze-Krugman zabantwana, ngo-11.
> Kliegman: Nelson Inkcazelo yeePediatrics, 18th.
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> Ukuqhekeka kwezilwanyana kwiDublin, ngo-2000. UMcBrien J - I-Pediatr Ingqibelelo Dis J - 01-JUL-2003; 22 (7): 580-4.
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