Njengoko abaphandi bafumana iindlela ezintsha kunye ezikhuselekileyo zokulwa nezifo eziyingozi, ishedyuli yase-US yemigomo iye yanda kakhulu. Namhlanje, abantwana abaneentsholongwane kunye nabasakhulayo bakhuselwe kwizifo ezili-16 kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza wesi-7-ngaphezu kwabazali babo okanye nootatomkhulu.
Ngelixa abaninzi abazali bamukele le nguqu, abanye banenkxalabo malunga nenani elikhulayo kunye nokuphindaphinda kweentsholongwane abantwana abafumana ngexesha leminyaka embalwa yobomi kwaye bazibuza ukuba ngaba ishedyuli ikhuselekile ukulandela.
Kungokwemvelo ukuba uqaphele. Ngokufikelela kwiinkcukacha ezinxamnye neengxaki kunye neendaba ezibuhlungu kumajelo asekuhlaleni, kunokuba nzima kubazali ukuba bazi ukuba iziphakamiso zabo zithembele-ikakhulukazi xa kuziwa kwimpilo. Yingakho kubaluleke kakhulu ukufumana ukuqonda okungcono indlela ishedyuli yokukhutshwa rhoqo, kwaye kutheni kubonwa ukuba yindlela ekhuselekileyo neyona ndlela ekhuselekileyo yokukhusela abantwana kwiintsholongwane ezinzulu.
Ubani oQinisekisa iShedyuli yeSitofu seNtwana?
Ngoxa i-Food and Drug Administration (i-FDA) inquma ukuba iigcino zingathengiswa e-US, iKomiti yeCombululo yeeNkqubo zoVuni (ACIP) ezenza iingcomo malunga naziphi izitofu kufuneka zinikezwe kwaye nini. Ezi ngcebiso ziyakwamukelwa kamva ngamaziko okuLawula nokuLawula (i-CDC) kunye ne-American Academy ye-Pediatrics (AAP), kwaye isetyenziswe ngamaqela ezonyango kulo lonke ilizwe ukugoma izigulane.
I-ACIP yiqela lokuzithandela lempilo yoluntu kunye neengcali zonyango ezibandakanya:
- Iqela lamaqela angama-15 okuvota abakhethwe nguNobhala weSebe lezeMpilo leSebe lezeMelika kunye neNkonzo zoLuntu emva kwesicelo kunye nenkqubo yokutyunjwa. Kule qela, ama-14 anamava amaninzi kwiindawo zempilo zonyango okanye zonyango ngokumalunga nokugonya, njengabaphandi, oogqirha, kunye nezifo ezithathelwanayo. Ubuncinane ummeli womthengi onokunikela ngombono kwiimpembelelo ezingaphantsi ngqo zeshedyuli yokugonywa, njengokuba utshintsho kwishedyuli lunokuchaphazela uluntu.
- Abameli abavela kwimibutho yemibutho yobugcisa efana ne-AAP kunye ne-American Academy ye-Physicians Family. La malungu anakho ukunika ingqiqo kunye nembono malunga neengcebiso okanye ukutshintsha kwishedyuli, kodwa abavumi ukuvota.
Ukukhusela ngokuchasene neengxabano zentshisekelo, abafakizicelo abaneemfuno ezikhoyo zokugonywa kwabakhiweyo banqatshelwe, kwaye abaphandi abakhutheleyo ekufundeni ezithile izitofu abakwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba kumavoti anxulumene nesitofu abayifunayo okanye iigonti ezenziwe ngamashishini axhaswa uphando.
Ixesha elide liyiNgcaciso yeSigcino?
I-ACIP idibana kathathu ngonyaka ukuba ihambe kuzo zonke iinkalo ezikhoyo ezikhoyo ezikhoyo malunga nemigomo echaphazelekayo kunye nokuhlaziya ishedyuli ngokufanelekileyo. Ukwenza inkqubo ibonakale ngokucacileyo, iikomiti zekomiti yazo imizuzu yokuhlangana kunye namaxesha ajenda kwiwebhusayithi ye-CDC, kwaye zonke iintlanganiso ze-ACIP zivulelekile kuluntu kwaye zisasazwa bukhoma nge-webcast.
Phakathi kweentlanganiso, amalungu asebenza kumaqela amancinci omsebenzi agxila kwiigciwane ezithile kunye nezifo. La maqela akhathaza yonke uphando olutsha-kuquka ulwazi malunga nezitofu eziza kuvunywa yi-FDA-ukuze zifutshane nje kwikomiti. Izigulane ezintsha zixutyushwa ngezihlandlo ezininzi, kunye nokuhlaziywa okuqhubekayo kumacandelo omsebenzi, phambi kokuba baqwalaselwe ukuba bongezelelwe kwishedyuli yokugonywa.
Xa amalungu evoti avota, athatha ingqalelo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya:
- Ingabe isitofu siphephile kwaye sisebenza xa sinikezelwa kwiminyaka ethile kunye nezinye izitofu ezinikezwe ngexesha elifanayo?
- Ngaba isitofu sokukhusela siphephe ngokubhekiselele kwisifo esichengeni okanye esichengeni ubomi?
- Ingaba abantwana abaninzi baya kufumana isifo xa bengayifumani isitofu?
- Ngaba le ngcebiso ingaba njani izigulane kunye nabasebenzi bezonyango ukuba balandele?
Emva kwayo yonke le mibuzo kunye nezinye ziye zaxutyushwa ngokucacileyo kwaye zixutyushwa, kwaye uluntu linikezwe ithuba lokuxelela iingcamango zabo ngexesha leentlanganiso, ikomiti yevoti yokubandakanya, ukususa okanye ukuguqula iziphakamiso ezithile kunye neshedyuli entsha, ehlaziyiweyo ishicilelwe ekuqaleni konyaka wekhalenda.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba le shedyuli ayikuxeleli abazali ukuba zeziphi iigcino ezifunekayo esikolweni. Olu luhlu lusekwe ngulowo nalowo urhulumente welizwe. Injongo yaso ephambili kukukhokela oogqirha, abazali, kunye nabanonophelo ukuba zeziphi iigcino kufuneka zinikezelwe rhoqo ngokusekelwe kwizinto ezininzi.
Ngaba iShedyuli yonyaka yokuNyunjwa isetyenziswe kwiTye?
Ishedyuli esiphumela kwiinkqubo ezikhankanywe ngentla yindlela ekhuselekileyo neyona ndlela epheleleyo yokukhusela abantwana kwizifo, ngokusekelwe kwiphando elona xesha.
Emva kokuba kwenziwe iingcebiso kwaye ishedyuli ishicilelwe, ukuhlolisiswa akuyeki. I-ACIP yenza ishedyuli isekelwe kuzo zonke iinkcukacha abanayo okwangoku, kodwa ulwazi olutsha luhlala lubuthwa. Ukuba ngaba naluphina ixesha uphando lubhekisela kwisitofu sokugonywa aluhlali lukhuselekile okanye lusebenza ngendlela ecinga ngaphambili, okanye ukuba amayeza kufuneka adityaniswe okanye ahlukaniswe ngokwahlukileyo, ishedyuli iyachithwa.
Ngokomzekelo, ngo-2016 i-ACIP ivotelwe ukuba ingasayi kuphinda ikhutshwe i-nasal spray version ye-vaccine. Xa ikhutshwe kuqala, idatha yangaphambili kwisitofu sokugonya yabonisa ukuba yayinempumelelo-ukuba ayingekho ngaphezulu-kunokuba imfuyo yendlovu idutshulwa. Kodwa uphando olutsha ukususela ngo-2013-2015 lubonise ukuba lusebenza kangangoko kunokuba lukholelwa ngaphambili. Ngenxa yokufumana ulwazi olutsha, i-ACIP yenze isiluleko sayo malunga nexesha elizayo lomkhuhlane, kwaye kunoko kunconywa ukuba bonke abantu abangaphezu kweenyanga ezintandathu bafumane imfuyo yesifo somdabu, yomzimba .
Umsebenzi we-ACIP kukubeka ingqalelo ngobungozi ngokubhekiselele kwimingcipheko, kwaye xa iinzuzo zesifo sokugonywa komkhuhlane ungasaphaya kobungozi obunxulumene nayo, zatshintsha ishedyuli ukuba zibonise oko.
Ngaba iShedyuli isetyenziswa ngokulinganayo kumntu wonke?
Nangona ihedyuli yokugonywa yenzelwe ukuba isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kubo bonke abantwana beminyaka ethile, banabantwana abathile abanokufuna ukulandela ishedyuli echitshiweyo ngenxa yeemeko zonyango okanye izinto ezithile zobungozi. Abantwana abafake izicelo zokufakelwa iziqu, ngokomzekelo, bahlala bengenakufumana izigulane eziphilayo , njengalezo ezichasene nesifo semasisi okanye ama-mumps, ngenxa yokuba izikhuselo zabo zomzimba zibuthathaka. Abo bahlala emngciphekweni omkhulu kunezifo ezenza ukuba i-meningitis ingadinga ukugonywa ngexesha elidlulileyo kunontanga yabo.
I-ACIP ithatha loo ntwana ingqwalasela kwaye inemifanekiso engezantsi kwishedyuli yokubonelela izikhokelo zabasebenzi bezonyango ukuba ngubani omele aphucule, akhuwuleze, angonge okanye asuse amachiza athile kwaye nini. Ngenxa yobuninzi babantwana kunye nabaselula, nokho, ukunamathela kwishedyuli esicetywayo rhoqo kukuba yindlela ehamba phambili yokuhamba.
Ngaba Kuyingozi Ukulandela Ishedyuli ehlukile?
Nangona abazali bexabisa iigciwane njengento ebalulekileyo yokukhusela impilo yabantwana babo, banokungabaza ukulandela ishedyuli esicetywayo. Abanye, endaweni yoko, gqiba ukulibazisa okanye ukuyeka ezinye izitofu okanye ukhethe "ukuphuma ngaphandle" kwamanani ukuze abantwana babo bafumane enye ngexesha. Ngokwenza njalo, banethemba lokunciphisa ingozi echaphazelekayo nokugonywa, kodwa ukulandela ezi ntlobo zamanye ama shedyuli kunokwandisa ingozi.
Akukodwa nje ukubeka iigcini iintshukumo zokushiya abantwana abasengozini kwiintsholongwane ixesha elide kunokuba ziyimfuneko-kubabeka engozini yokungabikho kwezifo ezinjengovavuni kunye nokukhwehlela xa bekulindele ukugonywa-kodwa bafuna ukutyelela rhoqo kwiofisi yegqirha apho kubamba nezinye izifo ngokunjalo.
Kodwa mhlawumbi kubaluleke kakhulu, ishedyuli yokunconywa ebuntwaneni eyenzelwe ngu-ACIP yenzelwe ukukhusela abantwana ekuqaleni-kodwa ngokukhuselekileyo-ngokusemandleni. Ukunika iigonti kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo okanye ngezikhathi ezahlukeneyo kunokubenza bangasebenzi kakuhle, okanye benze imiphumo engaphezulu. Asiyazi. Nangona sihlala sihlolisisa ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kweziphakamiso ze-ACIP, asinayo idatha efanayo kwiishedyuli ezilungisiwe.
Ukuguqula ishedyuli esekelwe kwiinkolelo okanye izinto ezikhethiweyo aziyikuphelisa ingozi - itshintsha nje ingozi eyenziwa ngabazali.
Iishedyuli zeNtsholongwane zihluke kwilizwe eliya ezweni-kwaye kulungile
Nangona i-US ineshedyuli efanayo yokugonywa kweso esisetyenzisiweyo yi-United Kingdom okanye i-Australia, ixesha kunye neentlobo zegonyila ziyahluka. Kwaye kuba amazwe ahluke. Kuye kwilizwe ngalinye ukujonga ishedyuli yabo yokugonywa ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyeni kwazo iingenelo ngokubhekiselele kwiingozi. Izinto ezifana nesifo esiqhelekileyo kunye nendlela izigulane ezifumana ukufikelela kwiigciwane kunye neyeza zonyango ziyahlukahluka ngokubanzi ukusuka kwilizwe elizweni, kwaye ezi ngqalelo zibaluleke xa zixubusha xa iigciwane kufuneka zinikezelwe.
I-World Health Organisation inceda kule nkqubo ngokunikezela ngesikhokelo kwishedyuli yokugonya ecetywayo, nangona kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba le shedyuli ifanele isetyenziswe njengendlela yokubhekisela kwiprogram yesizwe yokugonywa, kungekhona izigulane okanye oogqirha.
> Imithombo:
> Amacandelo okuLawula nokuLawula izifo. Malunga ne ACIP.
> Grohskopf LA, Sokolow LZ, Umgcini we-Broker KR, et al. Ukuthintela nokuLawula i-Influenza yonyaka kunye neeViccine Iingcebiso zeKomidi elicebisi malunga neMigudu yokuNgcwaba -United States, 2016-17 I-Influenza Season . I-MMWR I-Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 2016; 65 (5): 3.
> URobinson CL, uRomero JR, uKempe A, iKomiti yeCelementi ye-Pellegrini C. yokuHlalwa kweNgcaciso yokuHlalwa kweNgcaciso yabantwana kunye ne-Adolescents eneminyaka eyi-18 okanye incinci - i-United States, ngo-2017. I-MMWR I-Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017; 66: 134-135.