Ixesha loMbutho woKhuselo lweNtsholongwane waqala nini?
Kusenokumangalisa abantu abaninzi ukuba bekuye kubekho inxaxheba yokulwa nokugonya. Akuyona into entsha eyadalwa nguJenny McCarthy noBob Sears.
I-18th Century Anti-Vaccine Movement
Enyanisweni, intshukumo yokulwa nokugonya isisigxina sokuqala sokugonya .
Uvavanyo luka-Edward Jenner lokuqala lokuqala lokugonywa kwe-smallpox lwaqala ngo-1796.
Ngaphambi koko, ukuguqulwa njengendlela yokukhusela i-smallpox yayenzelwe iinkulungwane kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, kuquka i-Afrika, iChina, iIndiya kunye ne-Ottoman Empire.
Enyanisweni, u-Onesimus, umkhonzi wakhe waseAfrika, wafundisa uCotton Mather malunga nobuchule ngo-1706.
UMary Mary Wortley Montagu wazisa i-inoculation eNgilani, efunde ngezenzo eTurkey. Njengoko wakhuthaza abanye ukuba bahlasele kwaye ba khusele abantwana babo ngokubhekiselele kwinqumana, kuquka neRoyal Family, kwakukho ingxoxo enkulu. Kuthiwa ukuba "ii-pro-inoculator zifake ukubhala kwiimpawu ezipholileyo kunye neengqinisiso ezikhuthazwa yiRoyal Society, kunye nezibheno ezihlala zihlala ziqiqa, inkqubela phambili yesayensi kunye nenkxaso ehloniphekileyo phakathi kweentloko. ukuthukuthela ngamabali kunye neembalo ezinokukrakra ngamabali okukhuthaza ukuphilisa. "
Ingaba ezo zixazululo zokugonya zokuqala?
I-19th Century Anti-Vaccine Movement
Ekugqibeleni, isitofu sokugonywa kwe-smallpox lika-Edward Jenner sashintsha uguquko.
Nangona oku bekukhuselekileyo kunokuba umkhwa wangaphambili kwaye usengumbulali omkhulu, bekukho abo bachasayo.
Uninzi lokuchasana luye lwafika ngenxa yokufumana i-vacpoxx e-UK ngekhulu le-19 kwakunyanzelekile-kufuneka ugonywe abantwana bakho okanye uya kuhlawulwa, kwaye iintlawulo zazininzi.
I-Anti-Vaccination League yenziwe emva nje kokugqithiswa komthetho we-Vaccination Act ka-1853.
Olunye iqela, iNgqeba yokuLungela iNyango yokuThotyelwa, eyasungulwa emva komhlathi we-Vaccination Act ka-1867, owakhulisa iimfuno zeminyaka yokufumana isitofu sokugonywa kwe-smallpox ukususela kwiinyanga ezintathu ukuya kwi-14 ubudala.
Kwakukho ii-anti-vaccination liagues e-United States, nayo.
Ukuthi bawabiza ngokuthi "ukuchasana nokugonya" ngenye yezinto ezahlukileyo kuphela phakathi kwala maqela kunye nentshukumo yokulwa nokugonya.
Amaqela okukhusela i-Anti-vaccine kwi-19th Century ngokuqhelekileyo:
- Wathi izitofu ziya kukugula
- i-despotism yezokwelapha, egxininiswayo, "izinto ezinzima, izinto eziphathekayo, ukungathembeki" ekudaleni izenzo zokugonywa
- walumkisa malunga neekhemikhali ezinobuthi kwiimithi zokugoma, ezibizwa nge-carbolic acid kwi-vaccine vaccine
- Wathi ukugonywa kwegciwane lesibhobho kaJenner kwakungasebenzi
- ukunyusa ezinye iinkqubo zonyango, kubandakanywa nabancinci, i-homeopaths, ne-hydropath, njl.
- basebenzisa iincwadi zabo ukuze babesabise abantu ngaphandle kwegciwane
Bade banamalungu athile abadumileyo bajoyina inxaxheba yokulwa nokugonya, kuquka uGeorge Barnard Shaw, owayekholelwa kwi-homeopathy kunye ne-eugenics.
I-20th Century Anti-Vaccine Movement
Amaqela e-anti-vaccine awazange atshintshe kakhulu kwi-19 neyokuqala ye-20 leminyaka.
Mhlawumbi mhlawumbi ayimangalisi, njengoko emva kokugonywa kwegciwane lesibhobho sikaJenner, bekuza kuba malunga neminyaka eyi-100 ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe esinye isitofu-isitofu sikaLouis Pasteur ngokuchasene ne-rabies ngo-1885.
Kwakuyiminyaka engaphezu kwama-50 ngaphambi kokuba i-American Academy ye-Pediatrics ivume ukusetyenziswa kwesigontsho se-pertussis (1943).
Kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo, ezinye izitofu ezibalulekileyo esaziyo namhlanje ziphuhlisiwe, kubandakanywa nokugonya kwe-DPT, ii-vaccin, kunye ne-MMR, njl.
Enyanisweni, intshukumo yokulwa nokugonya yayisaphila kwaye kakuhle ngeli xesha, kusetyenziswa onke amaqhinga afanayo.
Ngowe-1973, uJohn Wilson noMnuz Kulenkampff babika malunga nabantwana abangama-50 babonwa ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-11 kwiSibhedlele sabantwana abagulayo eLondon. Wachaza ngokuqoqana kweengxaki ze-neurological kwiiyure ezingama-24 zokuqala zezingane ezifumana i-DPT ipopu, nangona iqela lakhe lingabonanga ngokwenene abantwana kwiinyanga okanye kwiminyaka kamva.
Ngowe-1974, babika iziphumo ezingama-36 kwaba bana kwi- Archives of Diseases in Childhood .
Njengengxelo kamva kaWakefield, ukuhanjiswa kweendaba kule ncinane kubangelwa ukwesaba izitofu nokunciphisa amazinga okugonywa. UJohn Wilson wabonakala nakwi "Leveki," umboniso weTV wexesha elimangalisayo e-UK. Imiphumo ayizange ilindeleke. Ukongeza ukwanda okukhulu eNgilani, kunye nama-100,000 amacala kunye nokufa kwabantu abangama-36, kwakukho ukuqubuka kwe-pertussis nokufa eJapan, eSweden naseWales emva kwesi sifundo. I-Pertussis yokufa e-UK yayingabonakali, nangona kunjalo ezinye iingcali zicinga ukuba inani lokufa kwabantwana lalisondele kuma-600.
Nangona abantu abaninzi becinga ukuba uLea Thompson "I-DPT: I-Roulette Roulette" ngo-1982 wanceda ukudala ukunyuswa kwe-anti-vaccine yanamhla, kufuneka kucace ukuba abanye babenezandla.
Kwakhona kwakuyixesha lokuba uDkt. Robert Mendelsohn, ochazwe ngokuthi "ugqirha lwezonyango" kunye nomnye wabazali bokuqala bezonyango zokulwa nokugonya, waba ngumntu ongenamdla wokubhala "Ixesha lezoNyango lweZonyango lokuNgcweliswa kweZifo" kwaye wenza ujikelezo lwentetho imiqondiso yosuku. U-Mendelsohn naye wayechasene nokudibanisa i-fluoride emanzini kunye nokusebenza ngokugqithisileyo, ukunikezelwa kweelayisensi kwabafundi bezondlo, kunye nokuhlolwa kweemvavanyo ukufumana umdlavuza webele. "
Uboniso lukaLea Thompson lwabangela uBarbara Loe Fisher kunye nabanye abazali abambalwa ukuba benze iqela labazali abanganelisekiyo ndawonye (iDPT). Kwaye apho safumana incwadi yakhe, ethi "Shot in the Dark," eyayinempembelelo enkulu kuMnumzana uBob Sears, kunye nokuqulunqwa kokugqibela kweSizwe soLwazi lweZithuba zoNyaka.
Kwaye kuba iincwadana ze "DPT: I-Roulette ye-Vaccine" yada yaqhubela phambili kwilizwe namhlanje kwi- Today Show , mhlawumbi yayithonya abantu abaninzi.
Emva koko kwaza kuthiwa ukugonywa kwe-DPT kwabangela i- SIDS . Kwaye ukuba ukugonya kwe-hepatitis B kubangela i-SIDS. UBarbara Loe Fisher wayephakathi kwezi nkalo zamangqina, kwaze kwangqina phambi kweCongress.
Yaye ngoxa wayengowona udumo wokuqala wokugonywa, le yithuba (1990) xa uLonon Bonet we -Cosby Show udumo ehamba kwi -Donahue Show kwaye wathi izitofu "zingenise i-microorganism kwigazi lezingane zethu iziphumo ezinokuthi zincinci okanye zibe yingozi kakhulu - kwaye ziyakwazi ukuxhatshazwa okanye i-asthma okanye izifo zokulala okanye zibe nomhlaza, i-leukemia, i-multiple sclerosis, i-infant disease syndrome. Ndicinga ukuba ndiziva ndiphosakele ukwenza oko ... Kungenxa yoko andizange ndiyenze.Uyazi ukuba kufuneka sicinge kabini.Uyazi ukuba kutheni abantwana bethu befumana ezi zifo? "
Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, ngo-1994, iNtamente yaseMount America yokuqala yayisithweswe isithsaba, kunye nonina ebeka isohlwayo sokukhusela i-DPT ngenxa yokuzithulu komntwana wakhe. Njengamanye amaninzi amachiza okulimala, ibali likaHeather Whitestone alizange libonwe. Udokotela wakhe wezilwanyana wafika ngokukhawuleza waza wabeka irekhodi ngokuthe tye-wayesisithulu ngenxa yesifo esisongela ubomi se-Hib meningitis kunye nonyango olulandelayo kunye ne-ototoxic antibiotic. Kuthatha iintsuku eziliqela ukuba abeendaba baqhube ibali elichanekileyo, nangona kunjalo.
Wazalelwa ngowe-1973, bekuya kuba yiminye iminyaka engama-15 ngaphambi kokuvotelwa kwe-Hib yokuqala kwaye yaqalisa ukunikezelwa rhoqo kubantwana. Ukugonya kwe-DPT, okungazange kuboniswe ukuba ibangele iingxaki zokuva, ayizange ibenze nantoni noHoseph Whitestone. Ngokuqinisekileyo ayizange ithinte amaqela achaphazelekayo ekusebenziseni ibali lakhe lokuqala kunye neendaba zokusasaza iindaba zokusasaza abazali malunga nezitofu, nangona kunjalo.
Le ngxaki efana nexesha likaKatile Couric wenza inxalenye kwi-NBC News bonisa ngoku kunye noTom Brokaw kunye noK Katie Couric malunga ne-DPT "amaqashiso ashushu."
Kodwa ke, izinto azizange zihambelane nentshukumo ye-anti-vaccine yanamhlanje kuze kube yinkomfa ye-1998 yenkqutyana yokufunda kukaAndrew Wakefield, xa yathi "yinto endivakalelwa ngayo, ukuba ingozi yolu hlobo lwe-syndrome lukhula luhlobene kwisitofu sokudibanisa, i-MMR, kunokuba iigcino ezilodwa. "
I-ABC ye- 20/20 ibe ingene kwi-anti-information ye-anti-vaccine, ukuphakamisa "imibuzo emitsha enzulu malunga nokugonya ininzi abantwana abaphoqeleka ukuba bafumane" kwisiqephu sabo se-1999 "Ngubani obiza iiShotshi?"
Abeendaba abazange bathathe inzala enkulu kwinto yokuba:
- uchungechunge lwezigwebo eNgilani ezaziswa ngokuchasene nabenzi bezitofu ze-DPT bathi zibangele abantwana ukuba bathuthuke ukuxhatshazwa kunye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo yonke into yokuba i-vaccine ye-DPT ayizange ibangele ukugonywa kwegciwane
- Umbiko we-IOM ka-1991 ogqityileyo ukuba ubungqina abubonisi ubudlelwane obusondeleyo phakathi kwe-DPT kunye ne-SIDS kwaye akukho ubungqina obaneleyo bokubonisa ubungqina be-Causal phakathi kwe-DPT kunye nomonakalo ongenangqondo wegazi kunye nezinye iingxaki
- Amatyala amaninzi okugonywa kwesigxina sokubanjwa kwesigxina kwisigxina kwi-DPT yokugonya kwakubangelwa yi-Dravet syndrome
Kufuneka ukuba kuqwalaselwa ukuba "i-media malpractice" ukuba ayilunganga yonke into engafanelekanga kwiCamp Roulette piece.
I-Anti-Vaccine Movement ye-21 Cent Century
Amaqela anqatshelwe ukukhusela kwi-21 Century ahluke kakhulu kwii-19th Century counterparts. Bayaqhubeka:
- bathi izitofu ziya kukugula
- ugxeke i-Big Pharma
- isilumkiso malunga neekhemikhali ezinobuthi kunye neetyhefu kwiigonti, nangona ziqhubeka ukutshintsha iikhemikhali abazixhalabisa ngayo, ezihamba ukusuka kwi- thimerosal ukuya kwi-formaldehyde kunye ne- aluminium , njl njl.
- ithi ukugonywa kwegciwane lesibhobho kaJenner akuzange kusebenze kwaye akukho nto iyenzayo
- ukunyusa ezinye iinkqubo zezokwelapha, kubandakanywa nabancinci, i-homeopaths, i-chiropractic, i-naturopath, kunye nabanye ababoneleli
- basebenzise iincwadi zabo ukuze babesabise abantu ekugonyeni
Omnye umehluko kukuba endaweni yabantu abambalwa abhala iimpapasho kunye neengcamango zabo zokugonya, njengokuba benza eBoston ngo-1721, ngoku kukho nabani na abanokufikelela abantu abaninzi ngokuqala iiwebhsayithi okanye iblogi, bathumele kwiibhodi zomyalezo, babhale incwadi , okanye ukufika kwiTV, njl
Enye into yokuba ngaphezu kwexesha lama-20 leminyaka, siye sabona ukuphakama okukhulu kubazali beendaba ezikhuselayo malunga neigciwane kwi-10 okanye iminyaka eyi-15 yokugqibela, kuquka:
- UJenny McCarthy kuLarry King Live
- UHolly Pete kuLarry King Live
- UJenny McCarthy kwi- Oprah ngo-2007
- UJenny McCarthy kwi-Time magazine ngo-2009
- UMat Lauer uxubusha uAndrew Wakefield kwiDateline ngo-2009
- Katie Couric kunye ne-HPV ngo-2013
- UBarbara Loe Fisher uxoxa nge "I-Vaccin Vaccin" kwiLou Dobbs ngo-2009
- Matt Lauer kunye nexesha lakhe elide loDateline isiqendu, I-Dose of Controversy, kunye noAndrew Wakefield ngokwakhe
- URobert DeNiro kwiNdayamhlanje ubonise ngo-2016
Le yithuba elithile apho sibona ukuphakama kwe-advocate ye-anti-vaccine kanye ne-pediatricians.
Kwaye kwakufuneka sibabone beza. Sasingaphantsi kweveki ukuya kunyaka ka-2000 xa uCindy Crawford evele kwiGood Morning America kunye nodokotela wezilwanyana, uDkt Jay Gordon.
Kodwa yintoni ehluke kakhulu namhlanje? Nangona uninzi lwabantu lusegonyeni abantwana babo, amaqela a bantwana abangenasicatshulwa ngokuqinisekileyo ngokunyuka. Kwaye ngaba ngamaqoqo abantwana nabangabantu abangakhuselekanga abakhokelela ekukhuphukeni kwezifo ezikhuselweyo zokugonywa eziba nzima ukulawula.
Into enye eyahlukileyo ngoku kukuba abantu abaninzi baye baqonda kwiNdalo yonyango olutsha. Ukusuka kwiintsimbi zentsimbi kunye neoli efunekayo kumagane ezemidlalo kunye namayeza "ekhaya" kumayeza e-pharmacy, ezi zinto zihamba ngokuhambisana nenkqubela yokugonywa kwamhlanje.
Ukongeza kwiinkqubo zonyango zonyango ezizitshiyayo ezingekho phantsi, ezikhethiweyo zabazali, ezikhethiweyo zenkqubo yokukhusela i-vaccine, ngoku sele sinama-chiropractors aninzi kunye naturopaths, oogqirha bezilwanyana kunye nabantwana bezilwanyana ezibandakanyekayo abangabeluleza umzali ukuba anqumle izitofu ngokupheleleyo. Kwaye kunye noDkt. Oz kwiTV ukunyusa ezininzi zeentlobo zonyango olupheleleyo kwiTV kwansuku zonke, mhlawumbi kubonakala ngathi kulungile.
Iiwebhsayithi ezinkulu zokulungisa izendalo ezitshintshela zonke izinto ezivela kukutya kwendalo kunye neengcamango zobuqhetseba zonyango zibonelela ngefowuni eninzi kubantu abachasayo. Abaninzi banokutshitshisa ukwesaba malunga neekhemikhali, ngoko akumangalisi ukuba kuya kuba lula ukwesaba abazali malunga neigciwane.
Kodwa kunjalo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula engqondweni ukuba ezi zinto azizange zibe ziqhelekileyo, yinto nje ukuba ukunyuswa kwe-anti-vaccine kuye kwaba yoshishino elikhulu. Ukusuka ekuthengiseni iivithamini, izongezelelo, i-e-books, izifundo ze-e, kunye nezokwelapha ngokupheleleyo ukunyanzelisa imithetho emininzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantwana bangakwazi ukuhlala bengenasigxina kwaye bengakhuselekanga.
Ewe, loo nto ayibenze ukuba ilungile.
Fundiswa . Fumana i-Vaccinated . Yeka i ziqhwithi .
Imithombo:
> Ukushiya. Ezikhethiweyo.
Iigonti (iNgqungquthela yesithandathu) 2013
Wolfe RM. Abachasi-vaccinationists abadlulileyo kunye namanje. BMJ. 2002d; 325: 430-432.