Izifo zabantwana
I-Rubella yaziwa nangokuthi 'i-German Measles,' njengogqirha baseJamani kwiminyaka yokuqala ye-1800 eyayiqala ukufumanisa ukuba yayisisifo esithile esivela kumasisi.
Kwathatha enye iminyaka eyi-100 ukuba iingcali zifumanise ukuba i-rubella ibangelwa yintsholongwane, kwaye bekungekho ngo-1941 ukuba ayengasacingi nje njengesifo esincinane somntwana. Yilapho i-rubella yaxhamla ne-rubella syndrome yokuzalwa.
Iimpawu zeRubella
Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-rubella ibangela iimpawu ezinzima kakhulu kubantwana abaninzi.
Ngeentsuku eziyi-14 (ixesha lokutsalwa kwexesha) emva kokubonakaliswa komnye umntu ophethe i-rubella, abantwana abangakhuselekanga bangahlakulela i-maculopapular (amancinci amancinci) aqala ukugqithisa ubuso babo aze aqhubekele ezinyaweni zawo.
Ukugqithiswa kweerubella kunamacandelo afanelekileyo okuncedisa ukuhlula kwi-rush roues, kubandakanywa nokuba i-rash is fainter, amabala awanamathelani njengaye ayenzayo ngamasisi, kwaye aba bantwana kaninzi abanomkhuhlane ophezulu.
Ukugqithisa kuthatha malunga neentsuku ezintathu kwaye kunokubonakala ngakumbi emva kokuba umntwana wakho ekhululekileyo, ngakumbi emva kokuhlamba okutshatileyo okanye ishavu.
Nangona i-rubella ithathwa nje ukuba ixhaphaze ngokwemodare, yilapho usuhlasele umlwelwe, usasaza intsholongwane ngokuxhamla okuphefumulayo kunye nemfihlo.
Ukongeza kwi-rash, abantwana banokuphuhlisa i-lymphadenopathy (i-glands).
Oku kungaqala ngeveki ngaphambi kokuba kuvele ukugqithisa kwaye kunokuhlala iiveki ezimbalwa.
Njengoko unentsholongwane emininzi yegciwane, abantu abadala abane-rubella bangenayo impawu ezinzima, kuquka i-fever-grade-grade, i-malaise (ayifumanga kakuhle), iimpawu ezibandayo kunye neempawu ezidibeneyo, kuquka i-arthralgia ne-arthritis.
Iingxaki zeRubella
Nangona i-rubella isisifo esibuhlungu kakhulu, akunakwenzeka ukuba kubangele iimeko ezinzima, ngakumbi kubantu abadala.
Iingxaki zeRubella zingabandakanya i-encephalitis esongela ubomi, ukubalwa kweplatelet ephantsi kunye nomonakalo we-vascular okhokelela ebuchosheni, emathunjini, nasezintweni zokuphuma kwintsholongwane, neuritis, nase-orchitis. Njengomasisi, i-rubella nayo ayinakubangela ukuba i-panencephalitis iqhube ngokukhawuleza.
Okubuhlungu kukuba, iingxaki ze-rubella ziyinto engaqhelekanga xa umfazi esuleleka ngaphambi kokukhulelwa kwakhe, okukhokelela ekuzalweni kwe-rubella syndrome.
Njengoko intsholongwane ye-rubella inokuchaphazela zonke iziko zentsana ekhulayo, iingxaki zingabandakanya:
- ukufa komntwana
- ukuhanjiswa kwangethuba
- u sithulu
- Iimpembelelo zamehlo (i-cataracts, i-glaucoma, i-retinopathy, kunye ne-microphthalmia)
- iziphene zomzimba (i-patent ductus arteriosus, i-ventricular septal defect, i-pulmonic stenosis, kunye ne-coarctation ye-aorta)
- ukukhula kwexesha langaphakathi
- microcephaly
- ukulibala kwengqondo
- amathambo utshintsho
- umonakalo wesibindi kunye nomnxeba
Abantwana abane-rubella syndrome ye-congenital nabo basengozini enkulu yesifo sikashukela, i-autism, kunye ne-panencephalitis eqhubekayo.
Unyango lweRubella
Akukho zonyango okanye unyango lwe-rubella.
Kwiintsana ezizalwe ngumhlaza we-rubella syndrome, unyango luxhomekeke kwiziphene ezithile zokuzalwa ezizalwe ngumntwana, kwaye zingabandakanya ukuhlinzwa kweengxaki zentliziyo kunye nokukhubazeka kwentliziyo, kunye nokuncedisa ukuvalelwa, njl njl.
Ukubhuka kweRubella
Esinye seziqhambuka ezinkulu ze rubella kunye ne-ruben syndrome ye-congenital e-United States yenzeke ngo-1964 ukuya ku-1965 kwaye yabangela ukuba:
- 12.5 yezigidi zegciwane lesibindi se-rubella
- Ii-2,084 iimeko ze-encephalitis
- 60 ukufa
- Ama-2,100 abantwana abasweleyo
- 11,250 unyango okanye ukukhipha isisu
- Amawaka angama-20 000 azalwe ngumhlaza we-rubella syndrome
Olu qhekeko alukhawulelwanga eMelika. Kwakuyindlala eyayiseYurophu kunyaka odlulileyo.
Njengoko kulindeleke, iimeko zerubella kunye ne-ruben syndrome ye-congenital ngokukhawuleza yawela njengoko isitofu sokuqala sagunyazisiwe ngo-1969. I-vaccine ye-rubella yahlanganiswa kamva kunye ne-vaccines ye-mumps kunye nesingqimba ngo-1971 xa i-MMR igxilwe.
Ngama-1986, kwakukho iziganeko ezingama-55 zerubella e-United States.
Ukuqukunjelwa ukuqubuka kwemasisi, kwakukho ukuphazamiseka kweerubella ngo-1990-91, okukhokelela ubuncinane kwii-2,526 zeerubella kunye namacala angama-58 e-rubella syndrome.
Inqanaba elincinci le-MMR kunye nokunyuka kwamazinga okugoma kunceda ukunciphisa amatyala e-rubella kwakhona.
Nangona singaboni ukuqhuma okukhulu, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba i-rubella ayikho ngokupheleleyo:
- Amatyala ka-2011 - 5 e-rubella kunye nama-3 matyala e-congenital rubella syndrome
- Amatyala ka-2012 - 9 e-rubella kunye namatyala amathathu e-congenital rubella syndrome, kuquka umntwana omnye owafa
- Ama-2013 - 9 amatyala e-rubella kunye neengxaki ezi-1 ze-rubella syndrome
Njengayezinye izifo ezikhuseleke ngokugonywa, i-rubella kunye ne-congenital rubella syndrome nazo ziyingxaki ezinkulu kwihlabathi. I-World Health Organisation iqikelela ukuba abantwana abangaphezu kwe-100,000 bazalwa ngo-2004 babesenomntwana okhulelwe yi-rubella syndrome.
I-Rubella kunye ne-congenital rubella syndrome zisengxaki nakwamanye amazwe athuthukile. Ingqungquthela yomhlaba wonke we-rubella eJapan ngo-2012 ukuya ku-2013 ikhokelela ubuncinane kwiimeko ezili-10 zentsholongwane ye-rubella syndrome.
Kukho ukuphazamiseka kwi:
- I-Netherlands - ukuphazamiseka kwe-rubella ka-2004 kwabangele ama-rubri angu-387, iimeko ezili-14 zentsholongwane ye-rubella syndrome, kunye nokufa kwe-2 yomntwana. Ukuqhambuka kwendawo yonqulo engavumelekile kwandiswe eCanada.
- I-Canada - ukuqubuka kwe-rubella ngonyaka ka-2005 kwintlalo engabonakaliyo yonqulo e-Ontario kukhokelela ubuncinane kwiimeko ezingama-309 zeerubella
- IRomania - ukuphazamiseka kwe-rubella ka-2012 kwabangele ama-rubber angama-20,000
- IPoland - ukuphazamiseka kwe-rubella ka-2013 kwabangele ama-rubriki angama-20 000, ikakhulukazi kwindoda ebeselula, njengamantombazana asetsheni ngokuqhelekileyo abo bajoliswe ekugonyeni i-rubella. Ukuqhambuka kwezi zikhokelela kwiinkcazo ezongezelelweyo zentsholongwane ye-rubella syndrome.
- I-Italy - ukuqubuka kwe-rubella kwakhokelela ekunyusweni kwamatyala e-rubella syndrome ebusweni ngo-2008 (amacala angama-29), 2009 (amatyala angama-13), kunye no-2012 (amacala angama-19)
Nangona i-rubella yisifo esikhuselweyo sokugonya , ezi ziko ziqhubeka zikhona phakathi kwabantu abaninzi abangenasigxina xa i-vaccine ikhona. Kwaye njengokuba sibona ngokuphindaphindiweyo, oku kungakhokelela ekwandeni kokufa kwe-neonatal kunye neemeko zentsholongwane ye-rubella syndrome.
Okufuneka Ukwazi NgoRubella
Ezinye iinkcukacha ezithandekayo malunga nerubella ziquka ukuba:
- i-ophthalmologist e-Australia ngo-1941, uDkt. Norman Gregg, waqala ukudibanisa igciwane lesifo se-rubella ngokusilela kokuzalwa komntwana
- ixesha lokutshatyalaliswa kwe-rubella linokuqala ukusuka kwiintsuku ezili-12 ukuya kwezingama-23
- ukuya kwisiqingatha sabantu abane-rubella abangenayo nayiphi na impawu okanye nayiphina impawu ebonakalayo, nangona bangasasazeka kwabanye
- Abantu abane-rubella banokusulela intsholongwane, kwaye basasazeka, ukuya kwiintsuku ezingama-7 ngaphambi nangemva kokuqala kokugqithisa
- Iimvavanyo zengqungquthela ziyakwazi ukuba umntu une-rubella okanye ukuba aphethwe ngumzimba emva kokugonywa
- ukuqhuma kwe-rubella kwenzeka nganye entwasahlobo, kodwa kunomjikelezo omkhulu wobunzima obuneminyaka engama-6- ukuya kweyesi-9, oye waphulwa ngamazinga aphezulu okugonya eMelika, ekhokelela ekupheliseni urubella ngo-2004
- Amayeza omzimba we-rubella angakhusela kuphela malunga neenyanga ezimbini, ezincinci kunamaqabane angama-maternal measles
- Isigodlo esisodwa se-MMR siphepha malunga no-97 ukuya ku-98% wokukhusela i-rubella
Ukupheliswa kwe-rubella kunye ne-congenital rubella syndrome e-United States kuye kwaba yimpumelelo enkulu yokugonya ibali. Kodwa i-rubella ayizange isuswe ngokupheleleyo.
Kwiimeko ezithandathu zokuzalwa kwe-rubella syndrome ebanjelwe phakathi ko-2004 no-2011, ubuncinane amahlanu amacala abandakanyeka oomama abakhulelweyo abathathwe yi-rubella ngaphandle kwe-United States.
Fundiswa . Fumana i-Vaccinated. Yeka i ziqhwithi.
Imithombo
CDC. Ukupheliswa kweerubella kunye ne-ruben syndrome ye-congenital-United States, 1969-2004. I-MMWR 2005; 54: 279-82
CDC. I-Epidemiology kunye noKhuselo lweZilwanyana eziVimbelayo. Incwadi ethi Pink: I-Course Bookbook - I-13th Edition (2015)
CDC. Iingxelo kunye nezoKufa ezivela kwiNtsholongwane eVimbayo, eMelika, ngo-1950-2013.
Plotkin, Stanley, MD. Iigonya. I sixhenxe. 2013.