IQ, okanye i-Intelligence Quotient, ngumlinganiselo wesicatshulwa esichaphazelekayo esinqunywe ngumvavanyo olumgangatho. Uvavanyo lokuqala lweengqiqo lwadalwa ngo-1905 nguAlfred Binet noTheophile Simon ukuchonga ukuba yeyiphi na abantwana besikolo saseFransi "abaphucayo" ukuze bazuze kwimfundiso rhoqo. I-Binet yenyuka kunye nembono yengqondo yengqondo xa yabona ukuba abantwana banako ukukwazi ukufunda iingcamango ezinzima kwaye benze imisebenzi enzima njengoko bekhula.
Uninzi lwabantwana lufikelela kwinqanaba elifanayo lobunzima kwixesha elifanayo, kodwa abanye abantwana banokufikelela kwiimilinganiselo ngokukhawuleza. Umntwana oneminyaka engama-6 ongakwazi ukwenza okungaphezulu kweminyaka engama-3 ubudala uneminyaka engama-3 ubudala.
I-Mind Quotient Versus Intelligence Quotient
Ingcamango yokuba "ingqondo yengqondo" yaqale yaveliswa nguWilhelm Stern, isazi seengqondo seJamani. Ngokusekelwe kumsebenzi weBinet, wahlula ubudala bengqondo ngokwexesha lexesha lokufumana i-"Mind Quotient." Uneminyaka engama-6 ubudala onako ukwenza kuphela into eneminyaka engama-3 ubudala enokwenza ngayo inokwenyama yengqondo .5 okanye ½ (3 eyahlula ngo-6).
KwakunguLee Terman, isazi sezengqondo saseMerika, owahlaziya uvavanyo lweBinet ukuze enze uvavanyo lwe-intelligence lweStford-Binet (olusetyenziswayo). Wabuye wahlakulela imbono yokwandisa i-Mind Quotient nge-100 ukususa iqhekeza-kunye ne-Intelligence Quotient (IQ) yazalwa.
Ukusebenzisa umlinganiselo ophuhliswe nguStern kunye neTotan, uvavanyo lwe-IQ lube yinto efanelekileyo yokukhetha abantu ngokusekelwe kumagosa aqhelekileyo.
Nantsi indlela okusebenza ngayo amanqaku:
- Ubudala Bengqondo / Ubudala bexesha le-X X 100 = I-Intelligence Quotient
- Umntwana oneminyaka engama-6 kunye neCental Quotient ye-½ unalo i-IQ yama-50.
- Uninzi lwabantu luba ne-IQ phakathi kwama-85 no-115.
Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba, ngelixa uvavanyo lweStanford-Binet lusasetyenziselwa, akusekho kuphela (okanye nokuba yinto eyaziwayo kakhulu).
Ezinye iimvavanyo ezifana ne-Wechsler ne-Woodcock-Johnson iimvavanyo zisetyenziswa kakhulu eMelika. Ukongezelela, ngelixa iimvavanyo ze-IQ eziqhelekileyo zinokubaluleka, zingenako ukuchaneka ngokupheleleyo xa zilingana nobunzima babantu abaneenkqubela zokuphuhliswa okanye ukukhubazeka kokufunda. Iimvavanyo ze-IQ ezifana ne-TONI ziye zaphuhliswa ukulinganisa i-IQ engeyiyo.
IQ izikolo zisebenzisiwe njani?
Iimvavanyo ze-IQ zinikezelwe ukunceda izikolo ziqaphele uhlobo lweendawo zokufunda ezifunwa ngabantwana esikolweni. Abantwana abafumana isiqendu se-IQ sakwa-70 nangaphantsi banelungelo lokufumana indawo yokuhlala ezizodwa esikolweni. Yiyo imimiselo emibini engaphantsi kwe-middle average ye-100. Abantwana abaphawula ukuphambuka komgangatho ophezulu kwinqanaba (i-IQ yamanqaku angama-130) abahlali bafanelekile ukufumana indawo yokuhlala ekhethekileyo.
Kakade ke, kuzo zombini iimeko, i-IQ yamanqaku yodwa ayikho into eyenza ukuba kufuneka indawo yokuhlala ekhethekileyo. Abantwana abanamanqaku angaphezu kwama-70 banakho ukufumana indawo yokuhlala ekhethekileyo ukuba abanokukhubazeka okufunda njengokufana ne- dyslexia . Nanabantwana abanesiphiwo, ngokuqhelekileyo banokucingwa ukuba ngabo ba-IQ izikolo ezili-130 nangaphezulu, banakho ukufumana indawo yokuhlala ekhethekileyo ukuba banokukhubazeka ukufunda okanye ukuphuhliswa. Aba bantwana bayaziwa ngokuba kabini-okuyingqayizivele.
Kodwa-ke, abantwana ababengabonakaliyo banokufumana iindlela zokusebenza malunga nokukhubazeka kwabo .Nakuba bengenakukhanya kwezemfundo, bafundi abaphakathi. Ngenxa yoko, isipho sifihla ukukhubazeka kwaye ukukhubazeka kufihla ubuchule . Baya kugcina bengabikho ndawo yokuhlala.
Yintoni ebalulekileyo ye-IQ yabaNtwana?
Abantu bayaqonda ukuba umntwana onama-IQ angama-70 uya kufuna indawo yokuhlala ekhethekileyo esikolweni. Xa uqonda ukuba i-score ye-IQ ithetha ntoni, kulula ukubona ukuba kutheni. Umntwana oneminyaka ezisibhozo oneminyaka engama-6 ubudala oneminyaka engama-6 ubudala uya kufuna uncedo olunokwenza oko baninzi abaneminyaka engama-8 ubudala abanokuyenza.
Ngoku khawucinge ngomntwana oneminyaka ezisibhozo kunye ne-IQ yama-130. Kumele kube ngokucacileyo ukuba umntwana onaloo nqanaba ufuna indawo yokuhlala ekhethekileyo. Unamandla okwengqondo yabaninzi abaneminyaka elishumi. Ukucela uneminyaka eyisibhozo ubudala kunye ne-IQ yama-130 ukwenza umsebenzi we-average age-olds kufana nokucela uneminyaka elishumi ubudala ukuba enze loo msebenzi. Uneminyaka engama-8 ubudala kunye ne-IQ ye-145 inegunya lokuqonda lomntwana weshumi elinanye kunye nesigama ubudala. Ngaba sinokuze sicinge ngokunika umsebenzi oneminyaka elishumi elinanye kunye nesigxina esineminyaka engama-ezisibhozo ubudala?
Ephakamileyo okanye ephantsi kwe-IQ, enkulu ukungafani phakathi kweminyaka yobudala kunye nobudala beminyaka. Nangona sihlala sifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantwana abanezikolo eziphantsi ze-IQ bafumana iinkonzo abazifunayo, sifanele sifune ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantwana abanezikolo eziphezulu ze-IQ bafumana iinkonzo abayidingayo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, kubalulekile ukuba ukhumbule ukuba umntwana onesibhozo ezisibhozo unokukwazi ukwenza umsebenzi ophakamileyo wezemfundo kodwa unokusenokuba nentuthuko yentlalo nentlalo yomntwana omncinci!