Umlinganiselo wokuzalwa osemtsha uye wawela ngokukhawuleza iminyaka, kodwa kusekho izinga elikhulayo lokukhulelwa kwentsha kumazwe ashishino. Amaphesenti angama-asibhozo anesihlanu kwezi zikhulo azinakulungiswa, apho nawuphi na umntu unokwandisa ingozi kwiingxaki. Umngcipheko omkhulu kunomama osemtsha ukhubazele ukunakekelwa kokubeleka okanye ngaphezulu, malunga neepesenti ezisixhenxe azifumananga nantoni na.
IiRhafu zokuThatshulwa kwentsha
Kukho ngaphantsi kwekota yesigidi sokukhulelwa kwabasetyhini abaneminyaka eli-15 ukuya kweyeshumi elinesithoba ngo-2014, unyaka osandul 'ukwenziwa ngawo. Le yirekhodi ephantsi kunye nokuhla kweepesenti ezisi-9 ukususela ngo-2013. Esi sibonakaliso esihle kakhulu.
Iingxaki zokukhulelwa komntwana
Esinye sezizathu ezininzi zokukhulelwa kwentsha akuyona ingcamango efanelekileyo yimiba ephakamileyo, kubandakanywa nokungabikho kokunakekelwa kokubeleka kwangasentla. Isizathu sokunqongophala kokunyamekela kokubeleka ngokuqhelekileyo sibalelwa ukuvavanya ukukhulelwa, ukukhanyela okanye ukwesaba ukuxelela abanye ngokukhulelwa. Uninzi lube neSebe lempilo okanye ikliniki yaseyunivesithi apho unonophelo lokubeletha lukhululekile okanye luphantsi kwaye imfihlo yesigulane ibaluleke kakhulu, oku kuthetha ukuba akukho mntu unokuxelela intsapho yonina ongumntwana osemtsha.
Ngenxa yokuba umzimba waselula ukhula uya kufuna uncedo oluninzi lokutya ukuze ahlangabezane neemfuno zakhe kunye nentsana yakhe. Ukucebisa okunomsoco kunokuba yinxalenye enkulu yokunakekelwa kokubeleka, okuqhelekileyo kwenziwe ngugqirha okanye umbelethisi, ngezinye iinkqubo isondlo sokutya.
Olu luleko luya kubandakanya ulwazi malunga namavithamini ezisemathunjini, i-folic acid, kunye ne-dos kwaye akufuneki ukutya nokusela. Ukuntuleka kwesondlo esifanelekileyo kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki ezifana ne- anemia (intsimbi ephantsi) , ukufumana ubunzima obuphantsi, njl njl.
Enye ingxaki ejongene noomama abaselula kuyisebenzisa iziyobisi kunye notywala, kuquka ukutshaya ugwayi.
Akukho naliphi na lezi zinto ezikhuselekileyo zokusetyenziswa xa ukhulelwa. Enyanisweni, ukusetyenziswa kwabo kunokunciphisa ukukhulelwa nokunyusa ukwanda kokuzalwa kwangaphambi kokuqala kunye nezinye iingxaki.
Ukuzalwa kwangaphambi kokuqala kunye nesisindo sokuzalwa esiphantsi kubangela ubutyebi beengxaki zabo, kubandakanya ukulimala kwengqondo, ukukhubazeka ngokomzimba kunye nokunye. Ukuhlala kwesibhedlele eside kunye neengozi eyongeziweyo yeengxaki zezempilo ezi ntwana zihlala zixinzeleleke ngakumbi kumama osekhulayo.
Nangona ubhekane neengxaki ezikhuselekisayo zokukhulelwa kwentsha akusiyo into emnandi, oku akusiyo umfanekiso omele udwetshwe. Oomama abancinci banako ukukwazi ukukhulelwa ngokusemgangathweni kunye nosana oluphilileyo. Ngokutya okunempilo, ukunakekelwa kwangaphambi kokubeleka kunye nokuvavanya kakuhle kweengxaki ezinokuthi zininzi zezi ngxaki zingenakwenzeka. Nangona abanye bevame ukucinga ukuba awukwazi ukufundisa umama osetsheni malunga nantoni ngomzimba wakhe okanye umntwana, ingumntu ongenangqondo. Uninzi lwabasetyhini abaselula abathathe iimbopheleleko ekunyamekeleni baya kuba neentsana ezinempilo, nangona ezinye iingxaki eziza kubakho ebomini babo. Inkxaso evela kwiintsapho nakwimimandla kuyimfuneko kubantwana abatsha, intsapho entsha ukuphumelela.
Intsha eninzi inenkxalabo malunga nezinto zabo iintsapho eziya kuthetha xa zifumanisa ukuba zikhulelwe.
Ngoko bayakuphepha ukuxelela abazali babo okanye omnye umntu onokukwazi ukubancedisa ukufumana inkxaso. Oku kulibaziseka ukunakekelwa kwabo ngaphambi kokubeletha, okwenza ukukhulelwa kube yingozi nakwabo kunye nosana lwabo.
Iingxaki zoMama abakhulelweyo nabazali
Kukho iinkqubo ezininzi ekuncedeni abazali abakwishumi elivisayo ukuba bafunde izakhono zabazali, bazalise imfundo yabo, ngokukodwa esikolweni esiphakamileyo, kwaye bafumene umsebenzi ochaphazelekayo okanye uqeqesho oluqhubekayo kunye nemfundo ngcamango yokufumana umsebenzi ongcono. Inyaniso ngumzali osemtsha uya kufuna inkxaso engakumbi kwaye mhlawumbi ixesha ukugqiba le mi sebenzi. Ukuba nokunakekelwa kwabantwana okulungileyo okunika amandla umzali osemtsha kunokuba atshabalalise intombazana ukuba athoxise umniki-nkonzo ohlawulwayo kufuneka.
Kuphela malunga nesiqingatha sabasetyhini abaza kukhulelwa baya kugqiba imfundo yabo yesikolo esiphakamileyo ngelixesha abaneminyaka engamashumi amabini anesibini, xa kuthelekiswa nama-90% ekhulwini lala maqela angama-pregnant.
Kukho ukhathazeka ukuba emva kokukhulelwa, omnye unokulandela. Ukuxoxa ngokukhulelwa kwentsha kunokubaluleke kakhulu, ngokukodwa ngokuphathelele ukukhulelwa okulandelayo. Oku kuthetha, ukuvuleka nokwamkela intsha ekhuluma nawe ebaluleke kakhulu into ongayenza.
Imithombo:
> Hamilton BE, uMartin JA, Osterman MJK, et al. Ukuzalwa: idatha yokugqibela ka-2014. I-Natl Vital Stat Rep 2015; 64 (12): 1-64.
UKost K no-Henshaw S, i-US Teenage Pregnancies, Ukuzalwa nokukhupha izisu, ngo-2010: I-State Trends by Age, Race, and Ethnicity, 2010, https://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/USTPtrends10.pdf
Ukukhulelwa komntwana. Matshi weDimes. Novemba 2009.