I-polio ayikho. Enyanisweni, sifunde ukuba i-polio ayikho nje emva; ayizange ihambe.
I-polio ingasasazeka ingabonakali, ivumele ukuba sicinge ukuba sinqobile ukugula. Esi sifo sinokuthi siphakamise size sibonise ukuba siyiphutha. Ehlotyeni ka-2016, iNigeria yajoyina iPakistan ne-Afghanistan njengamabandla amathathu kuphela apho i-polio yaziwa khona.
Yintoni ipholio?
Intsholongwane ebangela ukuba i-polio i-enterovirus.
Intsholongwane iyasasaza i-fecal-ngomlomo (ukusuka kwisitulo ukuya emlonyeni). Oku kuya kwenzeka xa i-stool encane yomntu osulelekileyo iphelela kumanzi omnye umntu okusela. Akunamanzi onke acocekileyo. Ikwafumaneka kwakhona kukutya okungcolileyo. Inokusasazeka ngomlomo-ngomlomo, ngomlenze we-HIV.
Esi sifo sibangela ukukhubazeka kwiimeko ezinqabileyo. Ukukhubazeka okunzima, oku kuthetha ukuba kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza. Kwakhona kungenangqumbo, oku kuthetha ukuba kubangela ubuthathaka obubuthakathaka, kunye nokunciphisa i-tone ye-muscle kunye ne-reflexes ephantsi okanye engekhoyo. Ukukhubazeka kungasigxina kwaye akukho nonyango. Ukukhubazeka kubangelwa ngaphantsi kwe-1% yamatyala (malunga ne-1 kubantu aba-200 abasulelekileyo). Abo bachaphazelekayo bahlala bebancinci abantwana. Kulabo abakhubazekile, ama-5-10% angafa ngenxa yokukhubazeka kwemisipha yokuphefumula.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, abo bachaphazelekayo kwi-virus abanakho iimpawu. Ngokutsho kweCDC, i-72 kwi-100 echaphazelekayo ayinayo impawu.
Phantse kwi-25 ukuya kwi-100 iya kuba neempawu ezintle ezihamba ngeentsuku ezimbalwa zodwa. Iimpawu ziquka umkhuhlane, umqala, intlungu, ukukhathala, intloko, ubuhlungu besisu. Kule-3 eseleyo kwi-100, abanye baya kuba nezikhonkwane kunye neenaliti okanye uvakalelo obuthathaka; abanye baya kuba nokuvuvukala kwama-mening ejikeleze ingqondo yabo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-meningitis.
Ngokubanzi, abaninzi abanesifo abanokusulelwa baya kuba besazi ukuba banalo. Kodwa, akukho mntu okhangela intsholongwane uya kubona ukuba aba bantu banesifo.
I-polio yisifo esikufutshane ekupheliseni.
Yintoni Enzima Kangako Ngokuyeka i-Polio?
Ukuthintela i-polio kusemalunga nokufumana amacala, ukuyeka ukuhanjiswa ngokubonelela ngamanzi ahlambulukileyo kunye nokucoceka, nokukhusela ukungakhuselekanga (ugonyo). Xa kukho enye yezo zinto ezihlulekayo, ezinye ziyimfuneko ngakumbi. Ngelishwa, nangona kunjalo, kunzima ukugonya kwaye kunikezele ukubeka iliso apho kungabikho ucoceko olululo kunye neenkonzo zamanzi.
- Ukuqwalasela kunzima kakhulu apho kuyimfuneko. Kunzima ukufikelela kwiindawo ezinokungakhuselekanga, ukuxhala, ukungabikho kweenkonzo zokucocwa kwenkunkuma kunye namanzi acocekileyo. Ezi ziindawo apho ipolisi inokusasazeka khona.
- Ukugonywa kunzima kakhulu apho kufuneka khona. Iindawo ezinobungozi ngenxa yokungabikho kwokhuseleko kunye neentlupheko zihlala ziindawo apho kufuneka kugonywe khona ukugonya. Ukugonywa kubaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwabo bancinci.
- Ukuqwalaselwa kungaphelelekanga. Uqwalaselo luyakwazi ukubona kuphela loo matyala ngokukhubazeka. Uninzi lweziganeko zokukhubazeka (nokuba lukhulu kakhulu, ukukhubazeka okungaqhelekanga) aluyi kuba ngenxa yesifo sepholio xa kungekho siphango. Uninzi lweziganeko ze-polio azibanga ukukhubazeka, nokuba kunjalo. Ngoko uhlolo-mali luya kubakho iimeko ezininzi ezingekho i-polio kwaye aziyi kuqalisa zonke iimeko zesifo sosulelo.
Yintoni Eyenzekayo eNigeria?
Kwakufuneka ukuba kube yimbini yesiganeko saseNigeria (kwaye ke i-Afrika) i-wildtype i-polio-free. Esikhundleni saloo ndlela, iimeko zepolisi zasendle zasecaleni zaziwa kwiNgingqi yase Borno eNyakatho yeNigeria. I-polio yachongwa kwiindawo ezimbini ezihlukeneyo zaseburhulumenteni. Abo bakwiindawo abazange baqhagamshelane.
Umntwana onentsholongwane ka-Polio obizwa ngokuba yi-flaccid paralysis (AFP) e-Borno phakathi no-Julayi. Intsholongwane ifunyenwe kwakhona kwiintetho eziphathekayo zonomntwana. Ukongeza, i-wildtype ye-wildtype yaqhathaniswa kwenye inxibelelwano esondeleyo (kunye nempilweni) yomntwana oye wavelisa iimpawu ze-AFP ngeveki ngaphambilana ngoJulayi kwenye indawo kurhulumente.
Iyiphi iNdaba eNigeria?
Umxholo uhlala unxulumene nezifo ezithathelwanayo. I-polio ihlala ibetha apho abantu baninzi abasengozini. Le yilapho inokusasazeka khona.
I-Boko Haram, iqela lamaphekula, lenze abantu abaninzi bengenakho ukufikelela kwiinkonzo zempilo abayidingayo. I-Boko Haram ingomnye wabantu bamaphekula abafa kakhulu kwihlabathi. Oku kwongeza kwingozi eyabangelwayo.
Ezi ziganeko zachongwa ngexesha apho abantu abayizigidi ezi-2.5 baye bafuduswa kwiindawo (okanye ngeenxa zonke) kwiNyakatho-mpahla yaseNigeria ngenxa yokungakhuselekanga ehambelana neqela lamaphekula, iBoko Haram. Abaninzi baye babalekela kwisixeko-dolobha saseBreo, esaphindwe kabini ngobukhulu. Kukho iindlela ezazibhekwa njengengozi kakhulu ukuqhubela phambili; iimarike ezivaliwe. Ininzi (90%) ihlala ngaphandle kweenkampu ezisemthethweni.
Njengoko i-Boko Haram iye yachithwa ebudeni kweli hlotyana ngokusetyenziswa kwezempi zaseNigeria, ezi ndlela zingasetyenziselwa kwaye iindawo ezintsha zifikeleleke. Amaqela ancedisayo kunye nomkhosi oya kule mimandla eyayingenakufikeleleka yabona abantu abaninzi abalambile kakhulu nabangondleki. Bayafuna amanzi ahlanzekileyo kunye nezinye iinkonzo. Zizo zonke iimfuno eziphuthumayo ezazifuna uncedo olukhawulezileyo, apho urhulumente kunye namaqela anceda aqala ukubonelela.
Kunzima Ukujonga I-Polio Xa Kunokwenzeka Kangakanani Ukuba
Ukuqwalasela i-Flacidal Paralysis (AFP) eyiyo ngokungazange ibe yinto ephambili kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo kwiindawo ezingenakufikeleleka. Ezi ziindawo apho ukukhathazeka kwangoku kwakukutya, ukhuseleko kunye namanzi acocekileyo.
Uphando lwe-AFP, ngokwalo, luyiyo kuphela indlela engaphelelanga yokujonga. Uninzi lwezifo zentsholongwane ka-polio aziyi kuholela ekukhubazeni (kuphela malunga no-4-5% ukugula, ngaphantsi kwe-1% jikelele kuya kukhubazeka). Ngokufanayo, ezininzi iimeko ze-AFP zibangelwa into engeyiyo i-polio (ngaphandle kokuqhambuka, oku). I-AFP kufuneka ibhengezwe nangona kungekho ziimeko ze-polio, njengoko kuya kuba neengxaki zokungabi namapolisa.
Yintoni Esiyaziyo Ngayo Iintsholongwane?
Intsholongwane inxulumene nengcinezelo eyayiseNigeria iminyaka emihlanu edlulileyo.
I-WPV1 (i-Wildtype virus ye-polio virus 1) - kodwa kunjalo zonke iimeko kwihlabathi. IGietnam ekugqibeleni yayine-WPV1 echongwe ngo-2014 kwenye indawo eNyakatho yeNigeria. I-WPV1 yagqitywa ekugqibeleni kuBréo kwisigulane ngo-2012.
Yintoni enomdla malunga neengxaki ze-WPV1 ezizimeleyo ngoku eNigeria kukuba zihlangene ngokusondeleyo kumxhatshazo ukususela ngo-2011. Oku kuthetha kuwe iminyaka emi-5 edlulileyo, i-polio ye-wildtype iye yahlala e-Afrika ngaphandle kokuba ibonakale.
Ingaba yiyona nto enkulu yokulwa nePolio?
Naliphi na elitsha ityala libuyiswe. Nawuphi na ilizwe elitsha elisekuhlaleni liba yimbuyiselo. Naliphi nakazikazikazi olutsha nje ukuba netyala liyi-backback. Kule meko, kwakukho ityala elitsha kwilizwe elitsha, kwilizwekazi elitsha. IGi Nigeria kunye neAfrika befikelele kwiminyaka engama-2 ngaphandle kwimeko.
Ukubeka le ndlela yokubuyiselwa kwimiba ebonakalayo, kukho inkqubela phambili ekupheliseni i-polio. Ezinye iintlobo ezimbini ze-WPV azizange zibonwe kule planethi kwiminyaka. I-WPV3 yagqitywa ngoNovemba, 2012 kwenye indawo eNigeria. I-WPV2 yagqitywa ngo-1999 e-Indiya yaye yathi yachithwa ngo-2016; i- straw vaccine (i-oral polio vaccine) equlethe iifayili ezinqatshelwe ngokungafani ne- IPV inject (I-vaccin ye-Polio engenakwenziwa) .
Uhlobo lwegciwane lokugonya 2 luyakususwa emhlabeni jikelele kwi-OPV ngenxa yokuba
- Iintlobo ezi-3 kwisitofu sokugonya ngokufanayo zihambelana neentlobo ezintathu ze-wildtype
- Akukho sisweleko sokukhuselwa kwi-WPV2
- Ukususwa kwentsholongwane egciniweyo ye-2 eyancitshiswayo kunokunciphisa umngcipheko wexesha elide lokuqubuka kwe-Vaccination-Vacrived Polio Virus hlobo 2 (cVDPV2), eyenzeka eNigeria ngexesha elidlulileyo kwaye iyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo ye-CVDPV
- Ukugcina umkhuhlane kwimimandla ephakamileyo yemingcipheko, i-IPV inokulawulwa ukukhuselwa kweVDPV2.
Kufuneka kuphawulwe ukuba umngcipheko wegciwane elibuthathaka (okanye intsholongwane enxulumene nalo) luye lwagqithiswa yi-OPV kunye nobungozi begciwane lesandulela ngculaza elingenanto.
Kodwa, Lindela, Kukho Mhlawumbi Ungabi Ninzi
Ngaphezu koko, ukuba kukho izikhewu emanzini kunye nokucoceka, kusekho umngcipheko wokukhutshwa kwepolori ngamanzi. I-polio isasazeka "i-fecal-oral". Oku kungaquka ukusabalala ngamanzi.
E-Borno, ukujonga kwelinye iliso kubonisiwe kwithuba elidlulileyo isitofu esivela kwi-vaccin (i-cVDPV). U-Borno wayenabungozi bokusingqongileyo bePoliovirus (ifom 2) ngo-Ephreli, okuyikumangalisi. Nangona kunjalo, kwakungowokuqala lo bunzima obonakele ukususela ekubeni isitofu satshintshelwe ukuba singabandakanyi lo mda ngo-2016. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni ugunyaziso lwe-OPV2 lokugonywa kwe-OPV2 eNigeria evela kwi-world stockpile.
Nangona kukho ukuphazamiseka kunye nokugqitywa kwegciwane lokuphela kwegciwane, akukho mntu uxelwe ukuba unecala le-cVDPV ngo-2016. Iimeko ezinjalo ziyakubonakala xa iimeko zokugonywa ziphantsi xa zingekho iimeko zasendle, njengeLao, i-Ukraine, iGuinea / iMali, iMadagascar kunye I-Myanmar ibonakele ukususela ngo-2015. UBoo wabona ubuncinane kwiimeko ze-CVDPV ngo-2014 kwaye ubuncinane kwimeko eyodwa ngo-2015. Ngoko kuya kuba lunomdla ukujonga iimeko zeVDPV kwaye ubone indlela oku kuza kubangela ngayo impendulo ezayo.
Ngokubanzi, koko, Ngaba Inkqubela Yenziwa?
Kanjalo.
Ngo-2013, iimeko ezingama-256 zasendle zachongwa kulezi zizwe ezi-3 kunye nabanye aba-5 (iSomalia, iSiriya, i-Ethiopia, iKenya kunye neCameroon). Ngo-2014, kwakukho iziganeko ezingama-359 zasendle, kodwa ezingama-19 kuphela zifunyenwe kumazwe angaphandle kwamazwe angapheli-3 (iSomalia, iTopiya, Cameroon, i-Equatorial Guinea, i-Iraq neSiriya). Ngo-2015, kwakukho amacala angama-74, kuphela kumazwe athile; akwafunyanwa nanye ngaphandle kwe-Afghanistan kunye nePakistan.
Kulungile, kunokuthi kubekho olunye uhlobo lwezilwanyana zasendle olujikelezayo emhlabeni.
Uhlobo lwe-2 lwe-poliovirus alisekho "kwintlango". Ingxelo yokugqibela yabonwa ngo-1999 eNdiya. Kuye kwathiwa yatshatyalaliswa.
Uhlobo lwe-3 lwe-poliovirus (WPV3) lunokuthi luhambe "lwangendle". Icandelo lokugqibela lesilwanyana saseWPV3 sabonwa ngo-2012 ePakistan.
Iziganeko zasendle zakutshanje zizonke zifake u-1 (WPV1).