Ulwahlulo phakathi kweNtsana ye-GI ne-Adult
Eminye yeenzuzo ezininzi zokuncelisa ukunyamezela kukukhululeka kokutya kunye nokubambisana okwenzekayo. Kodwa kwenzeka ntoni xa umntwana ekhunjulwa kwaye esondla kakuhle? Icandelo ngalinye le-digestive tract lineemisebenzi ethile ehambayo ekuthuthweni nasekutyeni ukutya okubalulekileyo ekukhuleni komntwana wakho. Ukutywala ubisi lwebele kubantwana bakho kubalulekile kwimisebenzi ebalulekileyo ukusuka ekubanjeni izikhusela ezikhuselekileyo ezilwa nama-bacteria kunye neentsholongwane ekumiseni ama-bacterium enempilo.
Iyintoni inzululwazi emva kokutyalwa kweentsana?
I-Anatomy kunye ne-Physiology yeThupha leNtsana yokuTshaya
Masiqale ngokujonga indlela yokutya yokuntwa kweesana ukususela kumzuzu wokutya okungena emlonyeni de ube udlulele kwi-diaper yomntwana wakho, kunye nemisebenzi eyenzeka endleleni. Izitho zokufikelela zibaluleke kakhulu kubuncwane obufanelekileyo kwaye ziya kuxutyushwa ngezantsi.
- Umlomo. Umlomo wakho umntwana udlala indima yokwamkela ukutya kwaye yindawo apho utywala lwezinye izondlo ziqala. Abanye abantwana abasandul 'ukuzalwa bangaba nobunzima ngokukhusela okanye iingxaki ezinxulumene neemeko ezinjengomlomo womlenze okanye i-palate palate.
- Isophagus. Le ndoda yiphubhu edibanisa umlomo kwisisu kwaye ineemisebenzi ezimbini eziphambili-ukutshiza ukutya okanye umbane ukususela emlonyeni ukuya kwisisu nokuyeka ukubuya, okanye ukuhlaziya iziqulatho zesisu.
- Isisu. Esi sisisu sinoxanduva lokugcina ukutya okugxinyiweyo, ukudibanisa kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kokutya, nokulawula ukuphuma kwesisu esiswini kwi-duodenum, inxalenye yokuqala yesisu esincinci. Ukugonywa kwenzeka kwiintlobo ezintathu-i-cephalic (eqaliswe yi-vagus nerve xa umntu ebona kwaye ecoca nantoni na ukutya), isisu (esibangelwa kukutya nokulawulwa yi-gastrin) kunye nomathumbu (okulawulwe ngamahomoni akhululwe emathunjini amancinci).
- Ndibonise uthando. Amathumbu amancinci iyilungu elifana ne-tube-like body divided into three-the duodenum, jejunum, neileum. Unomsebenzi omkhulu wokukwenza njengoko ulawula ukugaya kunye nokuxutywa kwezondlo, iivithamini, izinto zokulandelela, izixhobo zamanzi kunye ne-electrolytes. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukutya okutyunyiweyo okwenziwe ngesisu esisuka kwisisu kudibaniswe kunye nezicwangciso ezisisiseko ezivela kwi-pancreas, isibindi kunye neengqungqumbo zamathumbu. I-enzyme yokugaya ivela kuloo mfihlo ilawulwa yinkqubo enkulu yokugaya inyama emathunjini amancinci-iphula amaprotheni obisi yobisi zibe ngama-amino acids; Ubisi lwe-carbohydrates kwi-glucose nezinye i-monosaccharides; kunye namafutha obisi yobisi kwi-glycerol kunye nama-acids acids. Udonga lwamathumbu kufuneka lube namandla kakhulu ukulawula umsebenzi owenzayo. Amandla ayo avela ekubeni unemiqolo emine ehlukileyo-i-serosa, i-muscularis, i-submucosa kunye ne-muscosa. Ubuso bomathumbu bunyuke kakhulu ngokufumaneka kwe-villi kunye ne-microvilli apho iimveliso zokugqibela zokugonya zithathwa.
- Umathumbu omkhulu okanye ikholoni. I-colon ijikeleza phezulu ukusuka ekupheleni kwesisu somncinci, ngaphaya kwesisu nangasentla ukuya kwi-rectum. Ininzi ekulawuleni ukuxutywa kwamanzi kunye ne-electrolytes.
- Rectum. "I-sphincter ye-O'Beirne" ilawula ukuhamba kwemfucuza kwi-sigmoid colon ibe yi-rectum, eyindawo yokubamba imveliso yenkunkuma. I-internal sphincters yangaphakathi neyokwangaphakathi ilawula ukuhamba kwemeko yefecal kwi-rectum.
Amagumbi okufikelela kwiThupha leNtsana yokuTsha
Ukongeza kwindlela yokugaya ngokwayo, kukho iinxalenye ezininzi zokufikelela ezibalulekileyo ekutyeni ukutya. Ezi ziquka:
- Iingqungquthela zentambo. Iingqungquthela zomlomo eziphuma emlonyeni zivelisa i-enzyme ezinomdla. I-submandibular, iincwadana kunye ne-parotid glands zivelisa i-saliva equle i-amylase, i-enzyme ejongene nokuqala ukugaya i-carbohydrate.
- Ibindi . Isibindi ngokwenene iqumrhu elikhulu kunomzimba. Uphethe iprotheni kunye ne-carbohydrates metabolism kunye nokugcinwa kwe-glycogen kunye namavithamini. Kwakhona kunceda ekubunjweni, ekugcinweni nasekupheliseni i-bile kwaye idlala indima kwi-fatabolism ye-fat. Isibindi apho iindawo ezinobuthi zithathwa kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zigcinwe ukukhusela wonke umzimba.
- Gallbladder. I-gallbladder yesikhwama esincinci esisezantsi kwindawo yesibindi. Ibheyile (equlethwe ngamatyu afunekayo ukugaya kunye nokuxutywa kwamafutha) esesibindi iqokelelwa apha. "I-sphincter ye-Oddi" ilawula ukuhamba kwe-bile kwi-duodenum. Ifana nesibindi, i-gallbladder inids ekubunjweni, ukugcinwa kunye nokupheliswa kwe-bile kwaye idlala indima kwinqununu yokutya.
- Pancreas. I-pancreas yenza i-alkaline (okanye ingathathi hlangothi) imfihlo eyenza inxaxheba ekunciphiseni ukutya okwenziwe ngokukodwa (okubizwa ngokuba yi-chyme) ukusuka esiswini. Ezi mfihlo ziphethe i-enzymes eziyimfuneko ekutyeni kwamafutha, amaprotheni kunye nee-carbohydrate. Nangona la ma-enzyme egcobileyo ayenziwa kwi-pancreas "exocrine", abantu abaninzi bayazi kakuhle i-hormone insulin eyenziwa "kwi-endocrine" yeengqungquthela zeepancreas.
Ubisi lwebele lubunama-enzymes anceda ekutyeni, njengama-amylase, lipase, kunye neprotease. Oku kubalulekile kwiintsana njenge-enzyme zokugaya zingekho kumanqanaba afumaneka kubantu abadala baze abantwana bafikelele kwiinyanga ezintandathu.
Konke, iinxalenye zesistim sokutya zisebenza kunye ukuze zithathe ukutya, zithuthelele phambili kwi-GI, zikhuphe kwaye zithintele izakhi, ize zitshintshe izinto ezigqithiseleyo njengotshwala.
Ulwahlulo phakathi kweNkqubo yokuNyunja yeeNtsha kunye nabantu abadala
Kukho ulwahlulo oluninzi lwama-anatomiki kunye nokusebenza phakathi kwendlela yokugaya iintsana nabantu abadala.
- Ukwahluka kwentloko nentamo. Kwintsana, ulwimi lukhulu ngokubhekiselele kwisigxobo somlomo kunye neengcingo ezongezelelweyo zeoli zikhoyo emacaleni kolwimi olunceda ekunyuseni. Ukongeza, i-larynx, okanye ibhokisi yezwi, iphakamileyo kwiintsana kunabantu abadala kwaye i-epiglottis ilele phezu kwenkathazo encinci ukubonelela ngokukhusela okunye.
- Ulwahlulo lwe-Esophageal. Kwintsana esandula kuzalwa, i-oophagus i malunga ne-4 1/2 intshi ende ubude (malunga ne-9 1/2 intshi ubude kubantu abadala) kunye ne-sphincter engaphantsi kwe-1/2 intshi ububanzi. Ngokuqhelekileyo ekuzalweni, ityhubhu elincinci yokuluthwa idluliselwa kwisigxina ukuqinisekisa ukuba le sphincter ivulekile. Iziphene ze-Esophageal ezingaqhelekanga ziquka i-atresias (imeko apho i-esophagus ivalwe ngokupheleleyo) kunye ne-fistula (imeko apho kukho uxhulumaniso phakathi kwesigxina kunye nelinye iqumrhu, njenge-trachea).
- Iintlukwano zesisu. Isisu esisanda kuzalwa singabamba kuphela phakathi kwe-1/4 ne-1/2 indebe ye-fluid (malunga neekhephe ezili-14 kubantu abadala!) Umsebenzi wokugaya isisu kuyafana kwintombi kunye nabantu abadala. Izithobe zesisu zesisu ziquka iiseli zeparietal, ezivelisa i-hydrochloric acid kunye ne-intrinsic factor. Iiseli eziyinhloko kulezi zilonda zenza i-pepsinogen, eguqulwa ibe yi-pepsin, iphula amaprotheni kwisantya sesisu. Ngokumangalisa, izandi zomzimba zisekho ixa elilodwa emva kokuzalwa kwaye iiseli zeparietal ziqala ukusebenza ngokuthe ngqo emva kokuzalwa. I-gastric pH ingaphantsi kwe-4 kwiintsuku zokuqala ezi-7 ukuya kwi-10 zobomi.
- Ndibonise uthando. Kukho ukuhluka kwe-anatomiki kumathumbu amancinci. Kwintsana lilinganisa phakathi kwe-100 ukuya kwe-120 intshi ende kunye nakumntu omdala, ukusuka kuma-240 kuya kuma-315 intshi.
- Amathumbu amakhulu. Ikholoni yintsana iyinyumba ekuqaleni. Sekunjalo kwiiyure ezimbalwa ii-E. Coli, iClostridium ne-Streptococcus zenziwe. Ukuhlanganiswa kweebhaktheriya kwiphecana le-GI kubalulekile ukugaya kunye nokwakhiwa kweVitamin K, i-vithamine ebalulekileyo ekugqithweni kwegazi. Ekubeni kuthatha ixesha elizayo ukuba kuveliswe emva kokuzalwa, iintsana zihlala zinikwa i-vitamin K xa ziziswa.
- Ukukhutshwa. Izitulo zokuqala ezidlulileyo zibizwa ngokuba yi-meconium. I-Meconium inqabile, i-sticky ne-tarlike. Ubumnyama okanye obumnyama obumbala kunye nomzobo, i-vernix (i-white cheesy substance ekhoyo kwesikhumba somntwana), i-iwego (iincwecwe ezifanelekileyo zesikhumba somntwana, ngakumbi kwii-premie), i-hormone kunye ne-carbohydrates. Kuyimfuneko kakhulu ukuba umntwana osandul 'usana awele kwisithuba esingama-24 iiyure zokuzalwa.
Iibhakteria eziMpilo eziMpilo
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje sifunde ngakumbi malunga nokugulisa amabhaktheriya kunye nokubaluleka kwazo kuyo yonke into esuka kwimpilo yenyama ukuya kwintlalo-ntle. Ukuxiliswa ngokuqhelekileyo kukhokelela ekukholiseni koloni kunye nokulinganisela okufanelekileyo kweebhaktheriya ezinempilo. Esikhundleni sokuba ngumsebenzi oseleyo ukuya kwii-enzyme kuphela kwindlela yokugaya, sifunda ukuba ama-bacterium enempilo ebaluleke kakhulu ekubanjweni kokutya okufanelekileyo kunye nokutyunjwa okubangela izondlo ezifunekayo ekukhuleni nasekuphuhliseni. Njengoko sifunda ngokubanzi malunga nendlela ukuxhamla kwe-microbiome yomntwana oswini kunye nokuncelisa, mhlawumbi ukuba iingcebiso ezikhoyo ngokusondeza ziya kuba namandla ngakumbi.
ILizwi elivela kwi-Verywell kwi-Digest Digestion
Iphepha lomnyoko lomntwana lihlukile kubantu abadala ngeendlela ezininzi kwaye yinkqubo equka amalungu amaninzi ahlukeneyo kunye namanyathelo amaninzi. Ukususela ekuboneleleni nge-enzyme yokugaya, ukuseka umthambo we-bacterium enempilo, ubisi lwebele lubangela umntwana wakho ukuba aqale ekuqaleni.
> Imithombo:
> Kliegman, uRobert M., uBonita Stanton, uSt Geme III uJoseph W., uNine Felice. Schor, uRichard E. Behrman, kunye noWaldo E. Nelson. Ncwadana yeeNzululwazi. 20 Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2015. Print.
> Pannarai, P., Li, F., Cerini, C. et al. Umbutho Phakathi koBume bamaBatterial Communities kunye nokuSungulwa kunye noPhuhliso lwe-Microbiome yaseNtwaneni. JAMA Pediatrics . 2017. 171 (7): 647-654.