Usulelo lweNtsholongwane kunye neBhaktheriya kunye nendima yabo ekukhulelweni kokukhulelwa
Zininzi iintlobo zezifo ezithintekayo ezingabangela umngcipheko wokukhulelwa kwesisu, ukubeleka, okanye ukufa kwe-neonatal. Akubona onke amabhinqa abafumana ezi zifo ziza kuba nokulahleka kokukhulelwa. Kukwafanelekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ezi zifo akuyona nto ebangela ukulahleka kokukhulelwa - i- chromosomal engafanelekanga yimbangela enye. Olu luhlu alufihla zonke iintsholongwane ezinokuthi zenzeke ngexesha lokukhulelwa, kodwa zichaphazela ezinye zezona ziqhelekileyo, kwaye abafazi bahlala bexhalabele.
Izifo ezithathelwana ngesondo
IBacterial Vaginosis
I-bacterium vaginosis (BV) kukukhula okweqile kwebhakteria zesisu. I-BV ayiyiyo isifo esithathelwana ngesondo, kodwa njengentsholongwane yobundlobongela, amaninzi amabhinqa ayaqaphela isimbolo esithi "i-fishy" iphunga leBV emva kokulala. Nangona kunjalo, ngamanye amaxesha akukho phunga elibonakalayo kwaye kaninzi alufunanga unyango kwabasetyhini abangakhulelweyo. Kodwa ekukhulelweni, kunjalo, i-BV idibene nomngcipheko okhulayo we-second-trimester. Kamva ekukhulelweni, i-BV ingabangela iziphambano ezingabonakaliyo ze-uterine. Iphathwa ngokulula nge-antibiotic kwaye ayinayo imiphumo yempilo engapheliyo.
Kaninzi
Chlamydia
I-Chlamydia yintsholongwane yesondo, kwaye inokukhokelela kwisifo se-pelvic (infidmatory disease) (PID). I-PID yimbangela eyaziwayo yokukhulelwa kwe- ectopic kunye nokungabikho komntwana. Ukukhulelwa kwe-Ectopic yinkxalabo yongxamiseko kwaye idinga ukuhlinzwa ukuze kuthintele iingxaki ezinzima kumama, kubandakanywa umngcipheko wokufa. Ezinye izifundo zibonisa ukuba i-chlamydia nayo inokufaka isandla ekuphumuleni kokuqala kwekota. Njengazo zonke iintsholongwane ze-bhakteria, i-chlamydia iphathwa ngamagciwane. Iikhondom ziyakwazi ukukhusela ekungeneni i-chlamydia.
Kaninzi
Gonorrhea
Nangona kungekho bubungqina obucacileyo bokuthi i-gonorrhea ibangela ukulahleka kokukhulelwa, izifundo ezininzi ziye zadibana nesifo sosulele ngesondo ngokusweleka komzimba, isantya somsebenzi kunye nokukhulelwa kwe-ectopic (ukuba ihamba ingaphendulwanga ixesha elide ngokwenza i-PID). I-Gonorrhea intsholongwane ngexesha lokuzalwa kunokubangela iingxaki zempilo ezisongela umntwana. Unokuzikhusela kwi-gonorrhea ngokusebenzisa iikhondom ngexesha lokulala. Ukuba unayo kakade, i-gonorrhea ingaphathwa ngamayeza.
I-Virus Immunodeficiency Virus (i-HIV)
Kwixesha elidlulileyo, ukusulelwa ngentsholongwane kaGawulayo kucatshangelwa ukuba kwandiswe ngokukhawuleza umngcipheko wokukhulelwa kwesisu. Ukususela kuvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lwabasetyhini abakhulelweyo kunye nonyango oluchanekileyo lwamachiza, nangona kunjalo, abafazi be-HIV + baqhelekile abanako ukufumana umntwana onempilo, opheleleyo. Akukho nonyango kwi-HIV, kodwa kukho iindlela ezinonyango ezikhoyo zokulawula intsholongwane. Ukusasazeka kwe-HIV kunokuthintela ngokusebenzisa ukusetyenziswa kwekhondom kunye nezinye iindlela zokuziphatha ngokwesini.
Herpes (HSV)
I-Herpes, esinye isifo esithathelwana ngesondo, sisifo sosuleleko lwentsholongwane olusenokubangelwa izilonda ezibuhlungu kwizitho zangasese okanye ngomlomo. Olunye uphando lufumene unxibelelwano phakathi kokusweleka kwexesha eliphindaphindiweyo kunye nokutheleleka kwe-herpes engafumanekiyo, kodwa ngoku akukho nzathu eyenziwe. Akukho kubonakala ngathi kukho nayiphina ingozi yokukhulelwa kwe-HSV. Kukho umngcipheko we-fetus ofumana i-HSV ngexesha lokuzalwa, nangona kunjalo, ngoko ke amayeza anganikwa kwiiveki ezikhokelela ekuzalweni. Ukuba ibhinqa linezilonda ze-herpe ngexesha lobasebenzi, oogqirha batusa icandelo le-c ukuhanjiswa.
Syphilis
I-Syphilis yintsholongwane yesifo esithathelwana ngesondo esingaba lula ukuphathwa ngamagciwane. Ngenxa yokuba enye ye-STD eyingozi kakhulu ukuba ibe nayo ngexesha lokukhulelwa, abasetyhini bahlaselwa rhoqo ngexesha lokunakekelwa kokubeleka. Ukungathandabuzeki, i-syphilis ingakhokelela ekufeni kokuzalwa kwabantwana abangama-40% kwabafazi abane-HIV. Kukho umngcipheko wengane ekuhlakuleleni i-syphilis yokuzalwa, engabangela ukongamela ubomi okanye ukuphazamiseka kwexesha elide.
Ukutya-Izifo ezigulayo
Kaninzi
E. coli
Nangona u-E. coli ehlala emaphepheni omzimba wonke, ezinye iindidi zalo ziye zadibana nomngcipheko wokukhulelwa kwesisu. Akukho ndawo yokutya ekhethekileyo ehambelana no-E. coli. Inokufunyanwa kuyo nayiphi na ukutya okungekho nto okanye engadliwayo, amanzi angcolileyo, okanye izandla ezingahlambulukanga. Kukho umngcipheko wokukhulelwa kwesisu ochaphazelekayo no-E. coli. Indlela efanelekileyo yokuphepha u-E. coli kukulandela iindlela zokuphatha ukutya okufanelekileyo, kwaye uhlambe izandla rhoqo, ingakumbi ngaphambi kokutya okanye ukuchukumisa umlomo wakho.
Kaninzi
Listeria
UListeria ibhaktheriya efumaneka kwiintlobo ezithile zokutya. Ngokuqhelekileyo ihlotshaniswa neentshizi ezingenasiphelo, nangona zingasetyenziswa kwimveliso emitsha (kungekudala, ukuqubuka kwe-listeriosis kulandelelwe kwi-cantaloupe). I-Listeriosis (intsholongwane ngenxa yokuchasana kwe-listeria) inomngcipheko owaziwayo wokukhulelwa kwesisu. Iyakhuselwa ngokuphatha kakuhle ukutya nokuhlamba izandla.
Kaninzi
Salmonella
I-Salmonella ibhaktheriya enokubangela ukusuleleka kubantu. Ngokuqhelekileyo kufumaneka kwimithombo yezilwanyana ezinobumba okanye ezingaphunyiweyo, njengenkukhu, amaqanda, kunye neemveliso zobisi ezingasetyenziswanga. Inokuphinda iqhutywe yizilwanyana ezinwabuzelayo, eziquka izilwanyana zasemakhaya ezifana neentlanzi, inyoka kunye nesilwanyana. I-Salmonella iye yadibana nomngcipheko wokukhulelwa kwesisu. Usulelo lungagwenywa ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuphatha ukutya nokuhlamba izandla.
Kaninzi
Toxoplasmosis
I-Toxoplasmosis enye yezosuleleko ezinomngcipheko owaziwayo wokukhulelwa kwesisu. Ngokuqhelekileyo idibaniswa nokubonakaliswa kwintambo yeekati, kungenxa yoko abafazi abakhulelweyo basebenzisa iingcebiso zokuphepha amagumbi. Abagqithisi abaninzi banokucetyisa ukuba abafazi bayakuphepha ukucoca ibhokisi yamatter ngexesha lokukhulelwa. I-Toxoplasmosis nayo inokuthi ikhutshwe ngokutya inyama engadliwayo, kodwa iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuphatha ukutya zingakwazi ukuphelisa umngcipheko wokufumana isifo sokugula.
Izifo ezithathelwanayo
Kaninzi
Iqhwiqhwi
Nangona abaninzi abantu abadala bengenakukhuselwa yintsholongwane (ngokugonywa, okanye kwisifo esidlulileyo), inani elincinci labasetyhini abakhulelweyo banokufumana i-virus. Umngcipheko wokukhulelwa uhluka ngoxa kukude kangakanani nawe xa ukhwele kwi inkukhu. Kukho umngcipheko omkhulu kwi-trimester yokuqala. Ukufikelela kwiiveki ezingama-36, umngcipheko kumntwana omncinci xa umama enenkukhu. Nangona kunjalo, emva kweiveki ezingama-36, kukho umngcipheko we-neonatal varicella, odibene nomngcipheko omkhulu wokufa kwiintsana.
I-cold kunye ne-Flu
Nangona kungekho nengozi yokukhulelwa kwesisu kunye nomkhuhlane ngexesha lokukhulelwa, umkhuhlane ophezulu unxulumene neziphene ze-neural ezinokukhubazeka kwiintsana. Nangona kungekho nonyango lwezifo zentsholongwane, ithuba lokufumana linokuncitshiswa ngokuzihlambulula ukucoceka, njengokuhlamba izandla kunye nomlomo kunye neempumlo kunye nekhasi lakho xa udibanisa. Ukugonya kwe-Flu kukhuthazwa kwakhona kwabasetyhini abakhulelweyo ukuba banciphise umngcipheko weengxaki ezinokubangelwa ngusuleleko.
Cytomegalovirus
I-Cytomegalovirus (i-CMV) isifo esichengileyo kunye nempawu ezixothwa ngokulula, njengomkhuhlane omncinci, izigulane ezivuvukileyo, kunye neempawu ezifana nezifo. Abantu abadala abanempilo banqabile nantoni na imiphumo embi yempilo kunye nosulelo lwe-CMV. Xa ukhulelwe, ukubonakaliswa kwe-CMV kunokukhokelela kwintsana ezalwe ngosulelo, enobungozi obunzima, ubunzima bexesha lokuphila njengengxaki yokukhubazeka kwengqondo, ukulibala kwengqondo, okanye umbono kunye neengxaki zokuva. Kukho umngcipheko wokufa kweentsana ezizalwe ngu-CMV. Nangona uphando alukwaneliseki, ezinye izifundo zibonisa i-CMV njengobangela wokufa ekuzalweni kokuzalwa, kwaye ngenxa yezizathu zokukhulelwa komzimba.
H1N1 Influenza
Olu hlobo lomkhuhlane, olubizwa ngokuba ngumkhuhlane weengulube, ludibene nomngcipheko wokufa kwabafazi abakhulelwe. Ekubeni umxhamo weH1N1 sele ujikeleze iminyaka embalwa, akukho bubungqina obunzima bokuthi kubangela ukulahleka kokukhulelwa, kodwa akukho nto ekhoyo ngokwaneleyo eyenziwa ukwenza izigqibo. Okwangoku, i-CDC incomela bonke abafazi abakhulelweyo ukuba bafumane i-H1N1 vaccine ukuze banciphise amathuba okusuleleka.
Kaninzi
I-hepatitis
Zininzi iintlobo ze-hepatitis, kodwa enye kuphela, i-Hepatitis E, inxulumene nomngcipheko wokufa ngenxa yomama osana. I-Hepatitis E iyingqayizivele kakhulu eMelika. Ukuba umfazi usulelekile nge-virus ye-viral hepatitis okokuqala ngethuba lekota yesithathu yokukhulelwa, usemngciphekweni wokuba ngumsebenzi okanye ukuhanjiswa kwangaphambili. Ezinye iintlobo ze-hepatitis zingadluliselwa kumntwana okhulayo, kwaye zingabangela iingxaki zezempilo ezide.
Izifo zeLyme
Isifo seLyme sisifo sebhakteria sisasazwa ngamakethi. Iimpawu zichazwe kwaye zifana nezifo ezininzi eziqhelekileyo zezifo zengqondo, kodwa indawo apho umntu anqunywe ngumthi oqhelekileyo unomzekelo wesimo se-bull-eye kwindoda enceda oogqirha ukuba bafumane isifo seLyme. Unempembelelo emininzi yempilo yexesha elide ukuba ingafumaneki kwaye iphathwe kwangaphambili. Akukho bubungqina obuqinileyo bokuthi abafazi abakhulelweyo banomngcipheko okhulayo wokukhulelwa ngenxa yesifo seLyme, ngokukodwa ukuba baphathwa ngamagciwane.
Parvovirus
Isifo sobuntwaneni obuqhelekileyo, esaziwa ngokuba yi-5 yesifo, i-parvovirus ayixhomeki kubantu abadala kakhulu. Abafazi abakhulelweyo abonakaliswe kwi-parvovirus bahlala nekhondo elincinane lokugula. Abangaphantsi kwe-5% yabasetyhini abakhulelweyo baya kuba neengxaki emva kokuba bavelele kwi-parvovirus, kodwa kukho umngcipheko wokukhulelwa kwesisu ochaphazelekayo.
Rubella
Ngokuqhelekileyo eyaziwa ngokuba yimpumpi yaseJamani, i-rubella ngokuqhelekileyo isifo sobuthathaka ukuba abantu baphumele ngaphandle kwexesha elide. Ikhutshwe yi-MMR yokugonya, kwaye ukhuseleko lomama luvame ukuvavanywa ekutyelelweni kokuqala kokubeletha. Ukuba, nangona kunjalo, ibhinqa ivumelana ne rubella ngexesha lokukhulelwa, kukho umngcipheko ophezulu wokubeleka kokuzalwa kokuzalwa, ukukhulelwa kwesisu okanye ukuzala.