Imibala kunye nemivimbo ingabonwa, kodwa amanxeba okuxhatshazwa ngokomzimba angapheli. Nangona umntwana otyhatshazwayo ngokomzimba angase angapheli esibhedlele ngethambo ephukile okanye ingqungquthela, ngokuqinisekileyo uya kuziva iimiphumo.
Uphando lwe-2008 olupapashwe kwiphepha leLancet , lihlolisise ukuxhaphaka komzimba. Uphando lwabantu abadala abahlala eUnited States naseUnited Kingdom babonisa ukuba phakathi kwama-8 no-9 ekhulwini kwabasetyhini kunye ne-4 ekhulwini yamadoda babika ukuxhaphazwa ngokomzimba ngexesha lobuncinci.
Kwakukho amazinga aphakamileyo echazwe eMpuma Yurophu.
Akucaci ukuba bangaphi abantwana abaqhubeka befumana ukuxhatshazwa ngokomzwelo, njengoko kungenokwenzeka ukuba baxelwe. Ukuxhatshazwa ngokwasemzimbeni kunokuba kunzima ukufumana ngaphezu kwezinye iintlobo zokuxhaphazwa kwabantwana.
Imizekelo yokuxhatshazwa ngokomzwelo
Ukuxhaphazwa kwabantwana ngokomzwelo kuza ngeendlela ezininzi. Kungabandakanya ukuhlambalaza okanye ukunyelisa amagama okanye izenzo kumntwana, okanye mhlawumbi kungabandakanyekanga okubangela ukunyanzelwa kwemvakalelo. Ngamanye amaxesha ukuxhaphazwa ngokomzimba kubangelwa ngokuxhatshazwa ngokwenyama okanye ngokwesini okanye ukunganyaniseki .
Nangona ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweemvakalelo kudla ngokubonakalisa ngamazwi, izenzo zonyameko nazo zinokudlala indima. Ukunyuswa komzwelo kwenzeka xa umzali okanye umnakekeli engabonisi uthando lomntwana okanye enze ukuba azive efuna, ekhuselekile, okanye efanelekileyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, bayakuyeka ukuthandana okanye ukuthintela, okubaluleke kakhulu kwimiba yengqondo yomntwana.
Ukuxhatshazwa ngokwasemzimbeni kunokuvela kumntu omdala.
Nazi ezinye zeempawu ezinokwenzeka zokuxhaphazwa ngokomzimba:
- Utata unenkinga yokusela. Ugxila ubusuku bonke aze ahlasele aze enze izinto ezisongelayo.
- Umama uchitha ixesha lakhe kwikhompyutheni kwaye akayi kuhlawulisa umntwana wakhe omncinci.
- Umama wesinyathelo uthi ufuna ukuba abantwana bangekho.
- Utitshala uhlekisa umntwana ngenxa yokufunda.
- Umntwana ubonakala kwintlondi yasekhaya ekhaya.
- Umntwana ohlala ebantwaneni uhlala ekhalaza kubantwana.
- Emva kokuqhawula umtshato, ubaba ucela abantwana bakhe ukuba baxoxe ngecala ngoomama ukuze awanikele ngokupheleleyo.
Indlela yokuchonga umntwana onokukhathazeka ngokomzwelo
Abanyathelisi abamiselweyo banembopheleleko yokuvakalisa ukuxhatshazwa ngokomzimba njengoko besenza kakubi ngokomzimba okanye ngokwesondo okanye ukunganyaniseki-kufuneka kuthatyathwe njengento enzulu. Ukuxhatshazwa kabuhlungu kunokuba nzima ukufumanisa ukuba kudla ngokuqhutyelwa kwikhaya lomntwana.
Ukuziphatha komntwana kunokubonisa ukuba kukho ingxaki ekhaya. Ukuziphatha okungafanelekanga okungakhathaliseki ukuba ngumntu omdala okanye ovuthiweyo kakhulu ukuziphatha komntwana kunokubonisa ukusetyenziswa kakubi, kunye nokuguquka kokuziphatha okuphawulekayo. Ngokomzekelo, umntwana owayesandula okanye engafuneki ingqalelo ngokukhawuleza angaba ngumntu ongeyena umntu ohlukumezayo okanye afune ukuthanda kwabo.
Nazi ezinye iimpawu zokuxwayisa ukuxhaphazwa ngokomzimba:
- Ufuna ukuthanda abanye abantu abadala
- Ukuyeka ekusebenzeni kwesikolo
- Ukuphuhliswa kokuphuhliswa ( njengokhenketho okanye ukucola emva kokulawula isisindo kunye nesilonda)
- Izikhalazo eziqhelekileyo zeentloko, iziqhumane, okanye ezinye iimeko ze-somatic ezingenazizathu eziyaziwayo
- Ukulahlekelwa ngumdla kwimisebenzi yoluntu okanye kwezinye izinto ezinomdla
- Ukuphuculwa kwengqondo
- Ukuxinezeleka
- Imizamo yokuphepha iimeko ezithile, ezifana nokuya kumsebenzi okanye kwindlu yomnye umntu
- Unqwenela ukuzilimaza yena okanye abanye abantu ngenjongo
- Ukuxhalabisa
- Ukuzijongela phantsi
Nangona usenokucinga ukuba umntwana ophathwa kakubi-nangayiphi na indlela-akanakuva uxhomekeke kumzali; nangona kunjalo, akunjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Umntwana unokunyaniseka kumzali (okanye kumkhathaleli owenza kakubi) ngenxa yokuba uyesaba into enokwenzeka xa echaza ukusetyenziswa kakubi.
Umntwana ogxininiswe ngomsindo unokucinga ukuba ukubizwa ngokuba ngamagama okanye ukuphikisana uthando ngumsebenzi oqhelekileyo wobomi ukwenzela ukuba angatsho mntu ukuba kwenzekani.
Iimpawu zoMenzi woPhathozo obuthathaka
Unokuphawula kwakhona iimpawu ezithile kumntu omdala owenza kakubi ukuxhaphazwa, njengaloo mntu omdala othungela umntwana esidlangalaleni, ngokuvuma ngokucacileyo ukungathandeki kwabo okanye ukuzonda umntwana, ukusebenzisa izijeziso ezinzima, ukubonisa ukulindela okungenakulinganiswa komntwana kunye nokungaveleli ngokomzwelo.
Abaxhatshazi banokuba nembali yobundlobongela okanye ubundlobongela okanye bafumana imiba yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi.
Musa ukucinga ukuba ngumzali ohlala ehlukumeza umntwana. Nangona beyona nto ingaba ngumenzi wobugwenxa ukuba uyakrokreka into eyenzekayo, nawaphi na umntu ogunyazisiweyo unokuba yinto ephosakeleyo kwimeko.
Iziphumo zokuxhaphazwa ngokomzwelo kunye nokunyuswa
Njengoko ukuphathwa kakubi ngokomzimba, iziphumo zokuxhaphazwa ngokomzimba okanye ukunyanzelwa komzimba zizinzima kwaye zihlala zikhulile. Ukusetyenziswa kakubi ngokomzwelo kunokwenzeka ukuba kuchazwa ngumntwana ukuba akayithandwanga okanye akafuneki okanye uxanduva lokusetyenziswa kakubi.
Iziphumo ezinokwenzeka ziquka:
- Unzima ukugcina ubudlelwane obuhle . Ukuxhatshazwa ngokomzwelo kunokuphazamisa amandla omntwana wokwenza izinamathiselo ezinempilo kubantu abadala. Imiba yokuqhotyoshelweyo ebuntwaneni buntwaneni sele ixhunyiwe kwiziqhotyoshelweyo ezingakhuselekanga kubantu abadala. Oku kungakhokelela kumngcipheko ophezulu wobudlelwane boontanga obuhluphekileyo, inkathazo kunye nobudlelwane obusondeleyo, ubunzima bokusombulula ingxabano kunye nobudlova.
- Umngcipheko ophezulu wempilo yengqondo . Iintsholongwane ezinokuhlukunyezwa ngokomzwelo zinokungenani ubuncinane ukugula kwengqondo. Ukuxinezeleka, ukuxhalabisa okanye ezinye izifo zengqondo zingadlulela ekubeni zikhulile. Abantu abanomdla wokuxhaphazwa ngokomzimba nabo banokuzama ukuzibulala.
- Iingxaki zentlalo ezongeziweyo . Ukuxhatshazwa ngokwemvakalelo kuye kwadibaniswa nokugqweba kunye nobudlova kwiintsholongwane.
- Umngcipheko omkhulu wokuphinda umjikelo wokusetyenziswa kakubi . Ngaphandle kokungenelela okufanelekileyo, abantwana abaxhatshazwayo banakho ukuxhaphaza abantwana babo xa bekhula.
Akunjalo wonke umntu onomdla wokuxhatshazwa ngokomzwelo ufumana izibilini zobomi, nangona kunjalo. Ubude, ubunzima, kunye nobudala bokuqala bonke badlala indima.
Abafana abasebenzisa kakubi ngaphambi kweminyaka eyi-12 banakho amathuba okubonisa iingxaki zokuziphatha, umzekelo. Basenokwenzeka ukuba babanjwe okanye babonakalise ukukhohlakeleka kakubi xa ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwexesha kakubi kwangoko.
Ukuba nobudlelwane obuhle nomntu omdala, nokuba kunjalo, unokuba ngumkhuseli. Umzali onothando, okhulisayo, ootatomkhulu, okanye omnye umntu, umzekelo, unokuncedisa ezinye iziphumo ezibi zokuxhaphazwa ngokomzimba.
Ukuxhatshazwa ngokwemvakalelo kuluhlu lwentlalo yonke. Ibeka umthwalo kwiinkonzo zempilo kunye nentlalo yoluntu, kwaye ibiza ngexabiso lokungaphumeleli kwezemfundo, ulwaphulo-mthetho, kunye neemfuno zeenkonzo zempilo yengqondo.
Unyango lwezoNyango
Ukuba umntwana uxhatshazwa ngokomzwelo, ikhosi yokuqala yokuthatha isenzo kukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lomntwana. Emva koko, unyango olufanelekileyo luyaqala.
Umenzi wobubi unokufuna unyango, ingakumbi ukuba ungumzali. Unyango lunokubandakanya unyango ngamnye, iiklasi zabazali, okanye ezinye iinkonzo.
Amaxhoba okuxhatshazwa ngokwasemzimbeni angenelwa kukuthetha ngonyango kunye neengcali zempilo yengqondo. Ukongezelela ekuqhubeni ukuphathwa kakubi, abantwana abaye baxhatshazwa ngokwemvakalelo banokuzuza ngokufunda izakhono ezintsha, njengeendlela eziphilileyo zokuhlangabezana nemvakalelo kunye nezakhono zentlalo ezibanceda zixazulule uxolo.
Igama elivela kwi-Verywell
Ukuba ukrokrela ukuba umntwana uxhomekeke kuhlaselo lomzwelo, kubikela iinkonzo zokukhusela abantwana. Uvavanyo luya kuba luncedo lokuncedisa umntwana ophathwa kakubi.
Ukuba ucinga ukuba umntwana wakho uxhatshazwa ngumntu omnye-utitshala, umfundisi, okanye umqeqeshi umzekelo-kubalulekile ukungenelela. Thatha amanyathelo okugcina umntwana wakho ukhusele kwaye ufune uncedo lwezakhono xa kufuneka.
Ukuba unentshutshiso yakho yentsapho, kubalulekile ukufuna uncedo lwezakhono wena kunye nomntwana wakho. Thetha nogqirha okanye uthintane neengcali zempilo yengqondo.
Ukuba iqabane lakho lisebenzisa kakubi umntwana wakho, kubalulekile ukufuna uncedo ngokunjalo. Ukuba iqabane lakho lingenasithakazelo kuncedo, fumana uncedo wena nomntwana wakho. Ukuba kuvunyelwe ukuqhubeka kwaye kushiywe kungaphendulwa, kunokubakho nemiphumo engapheliyo kumntwana wakho.
> Imithombo
> Gilbert, R., Widom, CS, Browne, K., Ferfusson, D., Webb, E., Janson, S. Umrhumo kunye neziphumo zokungabikho kakubi kwabantwana kumazwe aphezulu. Lancet . 2008; 372 (9657): 68-81.
> Hart SN, Glaser D. Ukungasebenzi kakubi kweengqondo - Ukungaphathwa kakubi kwengqondo: I-catalyst yokukhusela abantwana ekukhuseleni ukukhusela okuphambili nokukhuthazwa kwentlalo-ntle. UkuShatshazwa kwabantwana kunye nokunganakwa . 2011; 35 (10): 758-766.
> Hibbard R, Barlow J, MacMillan H. Ukunyanzeliswa kwengqondo. Pediatrics . 2012; 130 (2).
> I-Stirling, J., i-Amaya-Jackson, uL., Ukuqonda iimpembelelo zokuziphatha kunye nezobuhlungu zobundlobongela kwabantwana. Pediatrics . 2008; 122 (3) 667-673.
> Slep AMS, Heyman RE, Snarr JD. Ubundlobongela kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwabantwana: Iinkcazo kunye nokuxhaphaka. UkuShatshazwa kwabantwana kunye nokunganakwa . Oktobha 2011.