Uninzi lwabantu abadala, ingakumbi abazali, abanakuyifumanisa imbono yokungayinaki umntwana. Ngokubuhlungu kukuba, amawaka amacala okunyaniseka kwabantwana akhona eUnited States.
Ngonyaka ka-2015, ngokweBhunga laBantwana, inxalenye yeSebe lezeMpilo kunye neeNkonzo zoLuntu, malunga ne-683,000 abantwana beli lizwe babonwa njengexhoba lokuxhaphazwa okanye ukunyanzelwa, malunga neepesenti ezingama-75 zalabo baxhatshazwayo.
Okubi nakakhulu, i-bureau iqikelelwa ukuba abantwana abayi-1,670 bafa ngo-2015 ngokusetyenziswa kakubi okanye ukunganyaniseki.
Ukunganakwa ngenye yeendlela eziqhelekileyo zokuphathwa kakubi kwabantwana. Inokuchaphazela impilo yengqondo yengqondo yomntwana kwaye ingakhokelela kwimiphumo yesikhathi eside.
Inkcazo yokungahoywa
Umthetho we-Federal Child Treatment Prevention Treatment Prevention Act (i-CAPTA) uchaza ukunyanzelwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi "Naliphi na isenzo samva okanye ukungaphumeleli ukwenza inxalenye yomzali okanye umnakekeli obonisa umngcipheko osengozini kumntwana."
Imithetho kaRhulumente isoloko ichaza ukunganakwa njengoko ukuhluleka komzali okanye umnakekeli ukubonelela ukutya, indawo yokuhlala, izambatho, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, okanye ukunyamekela kwinqanaba lokuba impilo yomntwana, ukhuseleko kunye nenhlalakahle iyongelwa yingozi.
Ezinye iindibano ziquka ukungabikho kokukhetha ukungahoywa. Ngokomzekelo, umzali olahla unyango oluthile lomntwana olusekelwe kwiinkolelo zonqulo unokunikezelwa ukukhululwa.
Imeko yezemali yomzali ingathathwa ingqalelo.
Umzali ohlala kwintlupheko , umzekelo, unokuba nzima ukunika abantwana ukutya okufanelekileyo okanye indawo yokukhusela, akunakucingelwa ukuba uyanyanzelwanga ukuba usapho lucela uncedo lwezezimali okanye ukuba benza okulungileyo kunye noko banako.
Iintlobo zokungahoywa
Ukunganakwa kuvela kwiifom ezahlukeneyo. Nazi iinkalo ezisisiseko zokungahoywa:
- Ukunyaniseka kwemvelo - Ukungabakhathaleli iimfuno ezisisiseko zomntwana ezifana nococeko, izambatho, ukondla, okanye indawo yokuhlala, okanye ukushiya umntwana.
- Ukunyanzelwa ngonyango - Ukutshitshisa okanye ukulibaziseka unyango oluyimfuneko okanye olucetywayo unyango.
- Ukunyaniseka okungafanelekanga - Ukushiya umntwana ongakwazi ukuzikhathalela ekhaya wedwa, engakhuseli umntwana kwiingozi zezokuphepha, okanye ukushiya umntwana engabanelisiyo.
- Ukunyanzeliswa ngokomzwelo - Ukubonisa umntwana kubundlobongela basekhaya okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi, okanye ukungaboneli uthando okanye inkxaso yemoya.
- Ukunyaniseka kwezemfundo - Ukungaphumeleli ukubhalisa umntwana esikolweni, ukuvumela umntwana ukuba abuyele esikolweni ngokuphindaphindiweyo , okanye angayinaki imfuno zemfundo ezikhethekileyo zemfundo.
Izinto ezijongene nobungozi bokunganaki
Abazali abazikhetheli ukunyanzela abantwana babo. Kodwa, ngenxa yeemeko ezahlukeneyo, abanye abazali abakwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zomntwana ngokwaneleyo.
Ngamanye amaxesha ukunyamekelwa kungenasenzo, njengokuba kunjalo ngumama omncinci ongaqondi ukuphuhliswa kwabantwana abasisiseko. Akunakho ukuqaphela ukuba kaninzi kangakanani umntwana wakhe kufuneka adle okanye atshintshe.
Ngamanye amaxesha, ukugula kwengqondo okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi kungabathintela ekuboneleleni abantwana babo ngononophelo olwaneleyo. Ubaba ophantsi kwefuthe leziyobisi akanako ukukhusela umntwana wakhe ukuba angaphambukeli ngaphandle kwedwa.
Ezi zinto zilandelayo zifunyenwe ukwandisa umngcipheko wabantwana wokungahoywa:
- Imiba engqongileyo - intlupheko, ukungabikho kwenkxaso yoluntu, uxinzelelo lommelwane
- Imicimbi yentsapho - imizi engumzali ongatshatanga, ubundlobongela ekhaya
- Iziphumo zabazali - ukungabikho kwemisebenzi, isimo sezantsi sentlalo, ubuncinci beminyaka yobudala, ukukhathazeka kwabazali, imiba yempilo, ukugula kwengqondo, imiba yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi
- Imicimbi yabantwana - ukulibaziseka kokuphuhliswa
Iimpawu zokungabikho komntwana
Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngumfundisi okanye ummelwane ochaphazelekayo onokuthi angaqaphele iimpawu zokumangalisa ukuba umntwana uyanyanzelwa. Umntwana ongaphantsi komzimba ohlala eqaqambileyo esikolweni okanye umntwana omncinci odlala ngaphandle ngaphandle kweeyure zomntu ngaphandle komntu omdala angabangela iiflegi ezibomvu.
Kukho imiqondiso emininzi engabonisa ukuba kungenzeka ukuba umntwana utyeshelwe, kuquka:
- Ukungabikho rhoqo esikolweni
- Iingubo zokunxiba ezaneleyo okanye ezingavumelekanga ukugqoka imozulu
- Uba okanye ucela ukutya okanye imali
- Ngaba ihlala ingcolile okanye inomzimba ovuthayo
- Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala okanye iziyobisi
- Iingxowa zazifuna unyango okanye amazinyo, iziglasi, okanye ugonyo
- Amazwe ukuba akukho namnye umzi wokubonelela
Izimpawu ukuba umzali okanye umnakekeli akanako ukunyamekela umntwana ngokwaneleyo zibandakanya:
- Ukuziphatha okungenangqiqo okanye engaqhelekanga
- Kubonakala bengenakukhathazeka okanye becinezelekile
- Kubonakala engabandakanyekanga kumntwana
- Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi okanye utywala
Ukunyanzelwa kwabantwana akusoloko kuba ngumphumo womzali ongaphumeleli ukuya kwiimfuno zabantwana babo; ngamanye amaxesha, ukhetho alufumanekanga ngenxa yokungabikho kwemali okanye izibonelelo. Xa umzali engakwazi ukunyamekela umntwana ngenxa yokungabikho kwezibonelelo, iinkonzo zidlalwa rhoqo ukuze zincedise intsapho ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno zomntwana.
Iziphumo zokunyaniseka
Nangona umntwana esuswa kwiimeko ezimbi, iziphumo zokungahoywa zihlala ixesha elide. Nazi izimbalwa ezimbalwa umphumo ongenakunceda umntwana:
- Iingxaki zezempilo kunye nophuhliso - Ukunqongophala kungonakalisa ukuphuhliswa kwengqondo . Ukungabikho kwezigonyo ezifanelekileyo kunye neengxaki zonyango kunokukhokelela kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zempilo. Uphando lweSizwe lwe-Child and Adolescent Well-Founding ukuba i-28 ekhulwini yabantwana babandezeleka kwiimeko zempilo engapheli iminyaka emithathu emva kokuba basuswe kwiimeko ezingahoywa.
- Ukungasebenzi kwengqondo - Ukungabikho kokukhuthazwa okufanelekileyo kunokukhokelela kwingxaki eqhubekayo yengqondo. Abantwana abanembali yokunganakwa bangaba neengxaki zezemfundo okanye ukuphuculwa kweelwimi okanye ukungaphumeleli.
- Iingxaki zengqondo - Ukunganakwa kungaholela kwimibandela enxulumeneyo, iingxaki zokuzithemba, kunye nobunzima bokuthembela kwabanye.
- Iingxaki zezenhlalakahle nezendlela zokuziphatha - Abantwana abangayihoxiswayo banokuzabalazela ukuphucula ubudlelwane obuhle kwaye banokuhlangabezana neengxaki zokuziphatha . Iinkcukacha ze-NSCAW zazimisela ukuba ngaphezu kwesigamu salabo baphathwa kakubi ebusheni babesengozini yokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi, ukuxhatshazwa kwezinto, ukuxhamla, nokukhulelwa.
Ngokutsho kweSebe lezeMpilo leSebe lezeMpilo yase-United States, phantse i-sibini kwisithathu kubo bonke abantwana abaswele ukuxhatshazwa kakubi kubandakanya ukunganyaniseki. Iziganeko ezibulalayo zokungahoywa ziyakwenzeka kakhulu nabantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-7. Ukunyamekela ukufa kwabantu abaninzi kubangelwa ukungabikho kokunyamekela, ukunyanzeliswa okungapheliyo okanye ukunyanzelwa ngonyango.
Unyango lwaBantwana abanganakwa
Isinyathelo sokuqala ekunyangeni umntwana otyeshelweyo kukuqinisekisa ukuba umntwana ukhuselekile. Ababoneleli ngeenkonzo banakho ukwandisa ukhuseleko nokunciphisa ukunganyaniseki ngokubonelela intsapho ngemithombo kunye nemfundo.
Kwezinye iimeko, abantwana bangadinga ukufakwa kwenye indawo ukuze banqande enye ingozi. Umntwana unokufakwa kwisihlobo esinoko unokubonelela ngononophelo olwaneleyo, umzekelo.
Ababoneleli ngeenkonzo banokukuncedisa ngoncedo olufanelekileyo, njengeenkonzo zonyango, ukunakekelwa kwamazinyo, okanye iinkonzo zemfundo.
Unyango lwempilo yengqondo lunokuba luncedo. Abantwana abaye bahoywa banokuzuza kwiinkonzo zonyango ukuze bancede bahlangabezane neemvakalelo zabo, ukuziphatha kwabo, okanye iinkxalabo.
Unyango, njengeenkonzo zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi okanye unyango lwempilo yengqondo, lunokunikwa kwakhona kubaxhasi ukuba bancede baxhotyiswe ngakumbi ukuba banakekele abantwana babo.
Indlela yokubika ukunganakwa
Xa kuziwa kokunganakwa kwengxelo, imithetho yomgaqo-nkqubo iyahluka kuye ngubani ofunekayo ukuba abike. Kwamanye amazwe, ngabaqeqeshi bezonyango kuphela, ootitshala, ababoneleli ngeenkonzo zabantwana, kunye namagosa okunyanzeliswa komthetho alawulwa ngabanyathelisi.
Kwamanye amazwe, wonke ummi osola ukuxhatshazwa okanye ukungahoywa kufuneka abike. Ukwazisola okunengqiqo-kunokubandakanya ukubonwa ngokuzibonela okanye ukunyamezela iingxelo ezenziwe ngumzali okanye umntwana-konke okufunekayo ukubika kakubi okanye ukunganyaniseki.
Ukuba ucinga ukuba umntwana uyanyanzelwa, yazisa iSebe lezeMpilo kunye neNkonzo zoLuntu. Unako ukubiza no-1-800-4-A-bantwana (1-800-422-4453) ukubika ukunganakwa komntwana. Abaqeqeshi abaqeqeshwayo baphando ngeengxelo zokunyanzelwa nokuxhatshazwa. Uhlolo olubanzi lukunceda ukuba uluphi uhlobo lweenkonzo ezinokuba luyimfuneko ukugcina abantwana bekhuselekile.
Ukuba ucinga ukuba umntwana ebomini bakho uyanyanzelwa, unganqikazi ukunika ingxelo, nangona ungaqinisekanga ngolu hlobo. Ekuhambeni kwamagunya angenako ukungenelela, kwangaphambili umntwana unokufumana uncedo-kwaye, awukwazi, usenokuba ulondoloze ubomi bomntwana.
> Imithombo
> Ben-David V, Jonson-Reid M. Ukunciphisa phakathi kwabasindileyo abadala abasalahlekelwa ngabantwana: I-piece missing in the book of reliability. Ukuhlaziywa koNcedo lwaBantwana noLutsha . 2017; 78: 93-103.
> I-Gateway Information Information Gateway: Izenzo zokungavumi
> Lavi I, Katz C. Amazwi anganakwa: Izifundo ezivela kuphando lophando olulandelayo olulandelayo. Ukuhlaziywa koNcedo lwaBantwana noLutsha . 2016; 70: 171-176.
> Shanahan ME, Runyan DK, uMartin SL, uKotch JB. Ukungafani kwintlupheko kwimeko yokungahoywa ngokwenyama. Ukuhlaziywa koNcedo lwaBantwana noLutsha . 2017; 75: 1-6.
> Wert MV, Fallon B, Trocmé N, Collin-Vézina D. Ukunyaniseka kwezemfundo: Ukuqonda iminyaka engama-20 yentlalo yezenhlalakahle. UkuShatshazwa kwabantwana kunye nokunganakwa . Meyi 2017.