Uphuhliso lwe-Fetal lixesha elisetyenziselwa xa uthetha malunga nokuqhutyelwa kweziganeko eziqalayo xa idiza kunye neqanda zihlangana kwaye zivela ekuqhubekeni ngokuhlelekile ukuze zenze umntwana. Into ethi "yenzeke ngokukhawuleza" xa umfazi ekhulelwe, kuyinkimbinkimbi ngokumangalisayo-kwaye kumnandi kakhulu ukucinga ngawo.
UkuBamba kokuBala
Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba ukukhulelwa kuqhubeka malunga neveki ezingama-40 ukusuka ngosuku lokuqala lokugqibela kwakho ukugqitywa kokukhulelwa, abasebenzi kunye nokuzalwa. Udokotela wakho uya kusebenzisa iiveki ukukunceda ukuba waziphi apho ukhulelwe kwaye kufuneka kwenzeke ngantoni na. Ezi iiveki nazo zaphulwa zibe zi- trimesters :
- I-Trimester yokuqala (iiveki 1 ukuya ku-13)
- I-Trimester yesiBini (iiveki 14 ukuya ku-27)
- I-Third Trimester (iiveki 28+)
Ezi ndlela zokubala zisemthethweni kwaye zisebenza. Ziza kusetyenziswa kuwo onke amashadi akho ezonyango kunye nezigqibo. Usenokuba nabantu banokubuza ukuba zingaphi iinyanga ekuhambeni kwakho xa ukhulelwa. Oku kumnandi ukubala, kodwa ukukhulelwa akukongezi kwiinyanga ezilisithoba.
Amanyathelo oPhuhliso loThutho
Xa uthetha nabantu abahlola i-genetics kunye nophuhliso lwe-fetal, bajonga ukukhulelwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Amanqanaba amathathu awajonga ngayo:
- IsiGerminal Stage (Iiveki 2 ukuya ku-4)
- I-Embryonic Stage (Iiveki 5 ukuya ku-9)
- I-Fetal Stage (Iiveki 10+)
IsiGerminal Stage (Iiveki 2 ukuya ku-4)
Esi sigaba sokuqala sophuhliso ngenye yezona zingaziwa ngabantu abaninzi. Oku kuqala nje ngeqanda kunye nesidoda zidibanisa kwisithathu esingaphandle kwelinye lamathambo e-fallopian. Xa ezi zimbini zibe enye, iziphumo zygote kwaye iyaqhubeka nohambo lwayo ukuya kwisibeleko. Ngeli nqanaba, umzimba awuqapheli ukuba ukhulelwe. Ingathatha iintsuku ezisixhenxe okanye ngaphezulu ukuhamba ubude bebhubhu uze ufake iqanda elichumayo kwisibeletho sokulinda.
Isibeleko sakha i-lining ekulindeni kweqanda elichumayo. Olu lonke uhambo luye lwabona isahlulo seseli esivela kwiseli enye. Ekuqaleni, zonke iiseli zifana. Kuze kube yilapho iiseli zifikelela kwisigaba seesibhozo eziqala ukuba ziqhathanise uhlobo lweseli abaya kubakho. Amaseli angaphakathi aqala ukudala oko kuza kuba yimbungu. Kukho iintlobo ezintathu:
- I-Ectoderm (isikhumba kunye nenkqubo yesifo)
- I-Endoderm (inkqubo yokuphefumula kunye yokutya)
- I-Mesoderm (isistim kunye ne-skeletal system)
Iiseli zangaphandle (trophectoderm) zikhula kwi-placenta. Emva kokuba i-blastocyst iqala ukufaka kwisibeleko, i- chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) yabantu ikhutshwa, evumela umzimba womama ukuba ufumane ukukhulelwa. Ekugqibeleni, le hCG iya kubonwa ngokwaneleyo ukuba uvavanyo lokukhulelwa luya kuba luhle. Emva kokufakela ukufakela , kuya kubonakalisa umzimba ukuba utshintshe i-chemistry yomzimba ukukhusela umjikelezo wokuya esikhathini ukuya ekufikeni kokukhulelwa.
Umjikelezo wesimo osikhoyo oqhelekileyo ngowoku kuza kubangela ukuba abaninzi abafazi bathathe uvavanyo lokukhulelwa.
I-Embryonic Stage (Iiveki 5 ukuya ku-9)
Iiseli ngoku zibhekwa njengengumbungu. Nangona ngoku ngokucacileyo ngokusuka kumntu, imbryo ayengabonakali ngathi yintoni esininzi ngayo xa sicinga ngomntwana. Ixesha lokubambeka kakhulu libalaseleyo kuba zonke iinkqubo zesebe zenziwa.
Enye inkqubo efumana ingxoxo eninzi kwixesha elibucayi ityhubhu ye - neural (ekugqibeleni iba yintambo yomthambo, inkqubo yesantya, kunye nengqondo). Oku kuqala ukudala iintsuku ezingama-22 emva kokukhulelwa, malunga neentsuku ezingama-36 ukususela ngomhla wokuqala wokugqibela. I-Spina bifida kunye ne-anencephaly zimbini iintlobo zeziphene ze-neural ezingasenokwenzeka, ngokukodwa xa kungenayo ngokwaneleyo i-folic acid emzimbeni. Le yenye yezona zizathu ezibalulekileyo zokushukumisa bonke abafazi bexesha lokuzala ukuba bathathe amavithamini angaphantsi kokubeletha okanye ubuncinane i-folic acid . Kunokuba nzima kakhulu ukuphawula ukukhulelwa oku kwangaphambili, ngokukodwa ukususela malunga neepesenti ezingama-50 zonke ukukhulelwa azilungiselelwe.
Intliziyo yesana nayo iyakha ngokukhawuleza. Iqala njengesitya esisodwa segazi esiqala ukujikeleza ngeveki yesihlanu yokukhulelwa. Kusekuseni kakhulu ukuva le nto usebenzisa i-Doppler iteknoloji . Oku akuyi kwenzeka kude kube ngeveki ye-10, nangona i -ultrasound engapheliyo ingathatha iipikseli ezincinci ezinqamlezayo njengoko isitya segazi sishayisana nomsebenzi ukususela kwiiveki ezintandathu ukuya kwezixhenxe. Intliziyo yesantya ihamba ngokukhawuleza ngakumbi kunomntu omdala, kodwa iqala ngokukhawuleza, iyakhupha ngokukhawuleza (iya kwi-beat beats 180 ngomzuzu), ize ifike kwi-120 ukuya kwe-160 ibanga lonke ixesha lokukhulelwa kwisigaba somntwana.
Umzimba ukwakhiwa. Uza kubona imifanekiso eneemingxuma okanye amabala amnyama abe ngamacenge, amehlo, umlomo kunye neendlebe. Uza kubona kwakhona ingalo kunye nemilenze yomlenze, ukutshintsha ngokukhawuleza ukubandakanya amajoyina (amajolo kunye namadolo). Uza kubona iminwe ecacileyo kunye neminwe yeetayi kamva kamva kule xesha.
Ngelixa isigqibo sokuba ingaba umntwana ungowesifazana okanye umntu wesilisa wayegqibe isigqibo sokuzalwa, zonke iintsana zibukeka zifana nale ndawo ngaphandle (nangona izitho zangaphandle zesini zikhona, awukwazi ukuxelela i-clitoris kwi-penis).
Esi sigaba se-embryonic kuphela iiveki ezintlanu kuphela. Ekupheleni kweli xesha, i-embryo iya kubala ngokufana nephepha lephepha kunye nokuba malunga ne-intshi ende, kodwa ibe nelifa malunga neenkqubo zesebe kunye nesakhiwo esifanelekileyo kubomi bangaphandle.
I-Fetal Stage (Iiveki 10+)
I-fetus yexesha elide abantu abaninzi baye bakuva. Leli yigama lobuchwepheshe lomntwana esecaleni lesisu kunye nesiLatini "inzala" okanye "izityalo ezandisiweyo." Isigaba sesisu sesibonakala sisincinci. Nangona yonke into ikhona, kukho imiba emininzi kunye nokulungiswa okuhle ukulungiselela umntwana ukuba aphile ngaphandle kwesibeleko.
Phakathi kweveki ezili-12 neye-14, unokuqala ukwahlula amakhwenkwe kumantombazana ngokusebenzisa izitho zangaphandle zesini, nangona-nangona usebenzisa i-ultrasound-kunzima ukuchaneka kunye nokuzimisela ngokwesini kule nqanaba. Eyona nto ibhetele yenziwe phakathi kweveki 18 no-22 ngexesha lokutshintshwa kwe-anatomy scan. Intombazana iya kuzalwa nayo yonke iqanda ayayi kuba nayo ebomini bayo ngaphakathi kwimizimba yakhe yomzimba, ngelixa umntwana umntwana engenayo inambuzane kwiimvavanyo zakhe.
Kukho izinto ongazange uzicinge ngokuphathelele ukukhula njengeminwe yeminwe, ukubetheka kwamehlo, iinwele kunye namazinyo. Ngona amazinyo asisigxina sele aqalise ukudala ngexesha le-pregnancy. Umzimba uhlanganiswe ngeenwele ezilungileyo ezibizwa ngokuba yiwego kwaye kukho isambatho esikhumbeni esibizwa ngokuthi vernix caseosa.
Ngekota yesithathu , okanye iiveki ezingama-28 ukusuka kwithuba elidlulileyo, inkqubo ye-nervous iqala ukuphendula ngaphezulu njengaleyo usana olusandula. Uyabona ukuba umntwana wakho ubonakala ehleli ixesha lokuphumla kunye nomsebenzi, njengengane entsha. Usana lwakho luya kuqhuba ukuphefumula i-amniotic fluid, enokuthi iqulethwe ngumchamo wesisu.
Ngokuqinisekileyo umntwana uya kuphuma kwi-gram enye, enye intshi ibe ukulinganisa iipounds ezimashumi asixhenxe kwaye ube malunga neesentimitha ezingamashumi amane ubude, kodwa isigaba sokutshatyalaliswa sithetha malunga nokuba sikhula ngokulinganisa nokuphakama. Iimpawu zesebe zidinga ukutshintshwa okuninzi. Ngokomzekelo, ingqondo yomntwana iya kukhula ngobukhulu kunye nomlo, kodwa iiveki ezidlulileyo zenzeke ukuba ubukhulu bobuchopho bunzulu kwaye ubuncwane bobunzima bubungqondweni. (Le ngenye yezizathu ezininzi zokuba ukuphela kokukhulelwa kubaluleke kakhulu kwimpilo kunye nokuphila komntwana wakho.)
Iingxaki Ngophuhliso Lokukhula
Kukho izinto ezinokuguqula inkqubela yokuphuhliswa kwemfuyo enempilo kwinqanaba lezofuzo, kunye neengxaki zomzimba ezingaphazamisa. Ngamanye amaxesha ezi ngxaki ziya kumisa inkqubo yonke kunye kwaye umntwana uyayeka ukukhula nokukhulelwa kuya kuphela. Oku kunokwenzeka kwinqanaba elitshintshileyo, xa unina engazi ukuba ukhulelwe, okanye kwisigaba se-embryonic, apho unokuthi angazi ukuba ukhulelwe.
Ingxaki yofuzo okanye yenyama ingabangela ukuba i-anomaly engenzi ukuvelisa ukusebenza komntwana, kodwa isacacile. Oku kunokuba into efana ne-Down syndrome (i-genetic) okanye iqela lebhola (ngokomzimba).
Kukho izinto ezininzi ezinokungahambi kakuhle, kodwa ngokubonga abazenzi njalo. Uninzi lweintsana lubona ukuphuhliswa kwazo kungenakunikwa ukuzalwa.
I-Genetic Screening
Ukuba intsapho inembali yeengxaki zemizimba okanye ukuba unina uneminyaka engamashumi amathathu anesihlanu ubudala, kunengqiqo ukuhlolwa kweemfuza ukunikezelwa ngaphambi okanye ngexesha lokukhulelwa. Ngaphambi kokuba ukhulelwe, intsapho inokuhlolwa iifayili zezifo ezifana ne- Tay-Sachs, isifo sesifo segulane kunye nabanye. Xa ukhulelwe, ukugxilwa kokuvavanya ukutshintshela ukuyihlolisisa ukukhulelwa okukodwa kunye nosana ngenxa yeempazamo.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kokutshekisha umntwana wakho kunye nokuvavanya koqobo. Ukujonga i-screening kwakuza kubonisa umngcipheko wena okanye umntwana wakho unayo isifo esithile. Oku kudla ngokuthelekiswa nomngcipheko ophakathi komntu osemvelaphi kunye nobudala bakho. Ngoko kwesikrini esilungileyo sichaza ukuba ukuvavanya kwakho kukubonisa ukuba wena okanye umntwana wakho ngumngcipheko omkhulu kunesilinganiso seminyaka yakho kunye nemvelaphi yakho.
Emva kokuba uneskrini esihle, nokuba ngumsebenzi wegazi okanye nge-ultrasound, kufuneka unikezwe ukuhlolwa kofuzo. Ekubeni ezi mvavanyo zinomngcipheko omncinane kodwa wangempela wokukhulelwa, akukhuthazelwanga ukuba wonke umntu asebenzise le mvavanyo. Ezi zibini eziqhelekileyo ziyi- chorionic sillling (CVS) kunye ne-amniocentesis. Uza kusebenza kunye neengcali zakho, umcebisi wakho wezofuzo kunye nabanye ukuhlola inkqubo.
Impilo yokukhulelwa
Impilo yokukhulelwa iya kuxhomekeka kwimpilo kamama kunye neqabane lakhe kwizinga elithile. Oku kubandakanya impilo yezo zombini kwiinyanga ezikhokelela ekukhulelweni. Esi sizathu sezizathu zokuba ukutyelela impilo kunye nokucwangcisa ubomi kubomi kubalulekile, njengoko kunconywe ngamaziko okuLawula nokuLawulwa kwezifo (CDC).
Ukunyamekela kokubeleka kuqala ngokukhulelwa kokuqinisekiswa kwaye kuya kuqhubeka ngokugqitywa kokukhulelwa. Oku kuquka ukunakekelwa kokukhusela, ukuphonononga, kunye nokunyangwa kweengxaki kunye neengxaki ezinokuba zivela.
Kwakhona kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba kukho imimandla engqongileyo ekudlaleni ukuba awukwazi ukulawula. Ezinye zihambelana nobomi bakho. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba unobungozi be-diethylstilbestrol (DES) -ifom ye-synthetic ifom e-estrogen enqunywe kwabasetyhini ukususela kuma-1930 ukuya ko-1970-njengengane yomntwana, unokuba nomngcipheko omkhulu wokuba unobungozi obumbele okanye ukuphuphuma komzimba. Akukho nto ongayenza ukuphucula ingozi ye-DES exposure. Noko ke, ungakhangela iingozi zendalo kunye nokusingqongileyo kwingozi; ugqirha okanye umbeleki angakunceda ekukhokeleni oko unokubuza malunga.
> Imithombo:
> Ikholeji yase-American College of Obstetricians kunye neGynecologists (ACOG). Uphuhliso lwangaphambi kokubeletha: Indlela umntwana wakho okhula ngayo ngexesha lokukhulelwa. FAQ156, Juni 2015.
> Imiba yokuziphatha kwiimvavanyo zofuzo. I-ACOG yeNgxelo yeKomiti ayi-410. Ikholeji yaseMerika kunye nabaGynecologists baseMerika. I-Obstet Gynecol 2008; 111: 1495-502.
> I-Moos MK. Ukususela kwiConcept ukuSebenza: Ukucinga ngeNgcebiso yokuPhatha kweMpilo. Umbhalo WezeMpilo Yabasetyhini; Matshi 2010; 19 (3): 561-7.
> Ukuqala kwangaphambili kwezeMpilo kunye noKhathalelo lwezeMpilo: IsiCwangciso seKliniki yokuNakekelwa kwangaphambili. I-American Journal ye-Obstetrics ne-Gynecology; Disemba 2008; Vol 199, No. 6, iphe. S257-S396-Ukongeza B.
> Robbins, CL, Zapata, LB, Farr, SL. I-Core State Preconception Health Indicators - Ukukhulelwa kweNkqubo yokuHlola iNengozi kunye neNkqubo yokuHlola ingozi, 2009. I-MMWR 2014; 63 (Hayi. SS-3).