Kuqhelekile ukuba zonke iintsapho zizingcolise ngamanye amaxesha. Kodwa iintsana ezineenkcaso ezichasayo zichasene phantse lonke ixesha.
I-ODD yinkinga yokuziphatha eqala ngaphambi kokuba umntwana afinyelele kwiminyaka eyi-8 aze aqhubeke kwiminyaka yeshumi elivisayo. Ngokungenelela kwangaphambili nangonyango, iimpawu zingaphucula.
Iimpawu zeODD
Xa abantwana be-ODD, iingxaki zabo zokuziphatha ziphazamisa ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla.
Basenokuba nobunzima bokufunda. Basenokuwela emva kwezemfundo kuba baxoshwa eklasini ngenxa yokuziphatha kakubi okanye bangakwazi ukuhluleka iiklasi zabo ngenxa yokwala kwabo ukwenza umsebenzi.
Abantwana abane-ODD banokuba nobunzima kunye nobudlelwane babo. Baya kunzima ukugcina ubudlelwane ngenxa yobunzima babo beengxaki zabo zokuziphatha. Ukuziphatha kwabo kungathabatha ingxaki embi kwezobudlelwane babo kunye nabantakwabo kunye namanye amalungu entsapho.
Ukuze bakwazi ukufumana ukuxilongwa kwe-ODD, abantwana kufuneka babonise iimpawu ubuncinane kwiinyanga ezintandathu. Ukuziphatha kakubi kufanele kulandelelwano, kwaye ngasentla nangaphaya kwezinto ezibhekiselwe ekuphuculeni.
Nazi iimpawu ze-ODD:
- Ukuqhayisa rhoqo
- Ukula ukulandela imithetho
- Igunya lokubuza ngokuphindaphindiweyo
- Ukugqithisana ngokugqithisileyo nabantu abadala
- Ukuqhaqhabalaza nokuvutha komsindo
- Imizamo yokunyanzela abanye
- Ukuziphatha okubi
- Ukunyamekela kwabanye
- Ubetha abanye ngamaphutha
Izizathu ze-ODD
Akukho sizathu esaziwayo se-ODD, kodwa kukho iingcamango ezahlukeneyo. Iingcamango zophuhliso zibonisa ukuba abantwana bahlakulele i-ODD xa bezama ukukhulisa ukuzimela ngexesha leminyaka encinane. Ngenxa yoko, baqhubeka bebonisa iimpawu ezingalunganga kulo lonke ixesha lokufunda kwabo abantwana.
Ngokutsho kwe-Learning Theory, i-ODD ibonisa ukuziphatha okufundiweyo okuqiniswa ngabantu abadala. Ngokomzekelo, umntwana ofumana ingqwalasela ngokungaziphathi kakubi angase athambekele ngakumbi ekuqhubekeni ukungaziphathi kakuhle.
Izifundo zokuqikelela phakathi ko-1 no-16% wabantwana abaneminyaka esikolweni bangaba ne-ODD. Kuqhelekile kubafana kubafana amantombazana. Ngamanye amaxesha i-ODD iyenzeka ngokubambisana nezinye izifo zokuziphatha okanye zempilo yengqondo, njenge- ADHD , ukudandatheka kunye nokuxhalabisa.
Ukuxilongwa kunye nokuPhathwa kwe-ODD
Ukuba unenkxalabo enzulu malunga nokuziphatha komntwana wakho, okanye ootitshala baye babonisa ukukhathazeka, bathetha nodokotela wengane yakho. Ukuba kuqinisekisiwe, umntwana wengane yakho ingabhekisela umntwana wakho kwingcali yezempilo yengqondo.
Ugqirha okanye uchwepheshe wezempilo yengqondo uya kuqhuba uvavanyo olupheleleyo lomntwana wakho. Udliwano-ndlebe, imibuzo kunye nokuqwalaselwa komntwana wakho kunokusetyenziswa ukuhlola umntwana wakho.
Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokonyango ezifumanekayo kwi-ODD. Iingcali zempilo yengqondo ziza kugqiba ukuba zeziphi unyango oluza kusebenza ngokusekelwe kwiimfuno zomntwana. Amanyango aqhelekileyo afaka:
- Ulwaphulo lomntu ngamnye - Ngokuxhomekeka kwimfuno yomntwana kunye neemfuno zokonyango, unyango ngamnye luyakwazi ukujongana neengxaki zoxinzelelo okanye uxinzelelo. Uqeqesho lwezakhono luvame ukusetyenziswa ukufundisa umntwana ubuchule bokulawula umsindo , izakhono zokuxazulula iingxaki , kunye nokulawula umgudu .
- Uqeqesho lwabazali - iindlela zokuguqulwa kokuziphatha zingaba iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokunciphisa iingxaki zokuziphatha. Ngamanye amaxesha ugqirha uya kudibana nabanakekeli abahlukeneyo ukuze banikeze uqeqesho malunga neendlela ezithile zomzali ezinganciphisa ukuziphatha kakubi.
- Ulwaphulo lweentsapho - Unyango lwentsapho luya kuqinisekiswa, kuxhomekeke kwiminyaka yengane kunye neemfuno zeentsapho. Ulwaphulo lweentsapho lunokubandakanya abazali bezantathu, abantakwabo, okanye udibaniso lwamalungu entsapho.
- Ulwaphulo lweqela - Abantwana abane-ODD kaninzi abalahla izakhono zentlalo. Ulwaphulo lweqela lungaba yindlela efanelekileyo yokuba bafunde indlela yokusebenzisana noontanga ngendlela efanelekileyo yoluntu.
- Ulawulo lweMithi - Akukho myeza elungisa iingxaki zokuziphatha. Kodwa abantwana banokungenelwa ngamachiza kwimicimbi enokubambisana kunye ne-ADHD okanye ukudakumba okungabangela iingxaki zokuziphatha.
Ukuzala umntwana nge-ODD
Ukukhulisa umntwana nge-ODD kunokuxhalabisa kwaye kutyhaxa ngamanye amaxesha. Ngoko kubalulekile ukubona inkxaso. Cinga ngokuya kwiqela elinika inkxaso kunye nabanye abazali abanabantwana abane-ODD.
Ukuqhagamshelana nabanye abazali kunokubonelela ngenkxaso yemvakalelo kunye nezibonelelo ezibonakalayo. Unokufunda iziphi izicwangciso kunye nezixhobo abanye abazali abaye banokubanceda kakhulu.
Umntwana one-ODD unokufuna iimfuno ezizodwa esikolweni ukulawula ukuziphatha kwakhe. Thetha namagosa esikolweni malunga neendlela ozikhethayo ukuze ukwazi ukuxhasa imfundo yomntwana wakho.
> Imithombo
> Incwadana yokuxilonga kunye neenkcukacha zeengxaki zengqondo: i-DSM-5 . IWashington, iLondres: UMbutho wezeMpilo waseMerika; 2013.
> Jahangard L, Akbarian S, Haghighi M, et al. Abantwana abane-ADHD kunye neempawu zenkcaso yokuchasana nengxaki engcolileyo iphuculwe ekuziphatheni xa iphathwa nge-methylphenidate kunye ne-adjuvant risperidone, nangona ukufumana ubunzima kwakuboniswa kwakhona-Iziphumo ezivela kwilingo le-clinical control-random. Uphando loPhando . 2017; 251: 182-191. A