Akukho mbuzo ukuba uqhawulo-mtshato lunokuba nefuthe elikhulu kubantwana. Ezi zibalo zilandelayo zibonisa ukuba obawo kufuneka benze konke abakwaziyo ukugcina umtshato apho kunokwenzeka, kwaye ukuba sele uqhawule umtshato, kuba nguyise onoxanduva kunye noxanduva.
Ingxaki Yesehlukaniso
Phantse ama-50% abantwana baseMerika baya kubona ukuhlukana komtshato womzali. Kule, kufuphi nesiqingatha kuya kubona ukuhlukana komtshato wesibini womzali.
(Furstenberg, FF, Nord, CW, Peterson, JL, kunye noZill, N. (1983). "Inkambo yoBomi beNtshato." I- American Socialological Review 48 (5): 656-668.)
Omnye wabantwana aba-10 abazali babo abaqhawule umtshato baya kubona ezintathu okanye ngaphezulu kokutshatyalaliswa komtshato komzali. (Gallager, Maggie. Ukupheliswa komtshato: Indlela esiyichitha ngayo Uthando oluhlala njalo )
Kubo bonke abantwana abazalwe ngabazali abatshatileyo kulo nyaka, ama-50 ekhulwini aya kuba namaqabane omtshato ngaphambi kokuba bafike kwi-18 yokuzalwa. (UPatrick F. Fagan kunye noRobert Rector, "Iimpembelelo zedlato eMelika," iMveli yeGugu Foundation , ngoMeyi 2000.)
I ziphumo zoMzimba
Abantwana abazali babo abaqhawule umtshato banakho ukulimala, i-asthma, intloko kunye nentetho engaphelelanga kunabantwana abazali babo abahlala batshatile. (Dawson, Deborah.) Ukwakhiwa koNtsapho kunye neMpilo yabantwana kunye nokuPhila kakuhle: Iinkcukacha ezivela kwi-National Health Surveys ka-1988 ka-1988. " Umbhalo womtshato kunye nosapho 53 (ngo-Agasti 1991): 573-84.)
Emva kokuqhawula umtshato, abantwana bangama-50 ekhulwini amathuba okuphucula iingxaki zempilo kuneentsapho ezimbini zomzali. (URonald Angel noJacqueline L. Worobey, "Oomama abangabodwa kunye neZempilo zeNtwana," I- Journal yezeMpilo kunye nokuPhatha kweNtlalo 29 (1985): 38 - 52.)
Abantwana abahlala kunye nabazali be-biological abanama-20 ukuya kuma-35 ekhulwini abaphilileyo ngokwaneleyo kunabantwana abavela kumakhaya ngaphandle kokubazali babazali be-biological.
(Dawson, Deborah, "Ulwakhiwo loNtsapho kunye neMpilo yabantwana kunye neNtlalo-ntle: Idatha evela kwi-National Health Surveys ka-1988 ka-1988." Umbhalo womtshato kunye nosapho 53 (ngo-Agasti 1991): 573-84)
Imiphumo Yemoya
Ukufunda ukususela ekuqaleni kwee-1980 kubonisa ukuba abantwana kwiimeko apho abazali babo babandakanyeka khona kwiinkalo ezininzi zomtshato bafumana amanqaku aphantsi kunontanga yabo kunye neontanga zabo zibalinganisela ukuba zingabonakali kakhulu ukuba zijikeleze. (Andrew J. Cherlin, Umtshato, Ukwahlukanisa, kunye nokutshata kwakhona ; i-Harvard University Press 1981)
Iintsholongwane kwiintsapho ezinomzali ongabodwa kunye kwiintsapho ezidibeneyo zingama-300% amathuba okufuna uncedo lwengqondo kunyaka nawuphi na unyaka kunamantombazana angabikhoyo, iintsapho zenyukliya. (UPeter Hill, "Iiphulozo ezisandul 'ukuKhutshwa kweeNtetho zeNtuthuko yabantwana ," I- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1993)
Abantwana abasuka emakhaya abatshatayo banengxaki engaphezulu kwengqondo kunabantwana abalahlekelwe ngumzali ekufeni. (URobert E. Emery, Umtshato, Ukwahlukanisa kunye noTshintsho lwaBantwana , iSage Publications, 1988)
Abantu abavela kumakhaya aphukileyo baphinda kabili bazama ukuzibulala ngaphezu kwabo bangabikho emakhaya aphukileyo. (Velez-Cohen, "Ukuziphatha ngokuzibulala kunye neNkcazo eMphakathini Isampula sezingane" Umbhalo we-American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1988)
Abantwana abadala beqhawulo-mtshato banamathuba okuba: imisebenzi ephantsi ehlawulwayo kunye neekholeji ngaphantsi kwabazali babo; ulwalamano oluthathaka lwabazali; umlando wokungabikho kweziyobisi kunye nokusela kotywala ebusheni; ukwesaba ngokuzibophelela nokuqhawula umtshato; izinkumbulo ezingekho phantsi kweenkqubo zomthetho eziphoqelelwa ukugcinwa kunye nokuvakashelwa. (Judith Wallerstein, uJulia Lewis, noSandra Blakeslee, Ifa elingalindelekanga leSahlukaniso: Isifundo seMinyaka eyi-25 seNgcaciso , iNew York, Hyperion, 2000)
Imiphumo Yezemfundo Yesehlukaniso Kubantwana
Abazali babazali abaqhawule umtshato banokuphindwa kabili ukuphuma esikolweni esiphakamileyo kunontanga yabo esaphila nabazali abangazange bahlukane.
(McLanahan, Sandefur, Ukukhula Ngomzali Ongabodwa: Okwenzakalayo, Okunceda , i-Harvard University Press 1994)
Izibalo Ngokungabi Namahlwempu
Ipesenti ezingamashumi amane zabantwana abakhulayo eMelika namhlanje bakhuliswa ngaphandle kooyise. (I-Wade, iPhondo kunye noThuthi, ii- Fathers, uMtshato kunye neNtlalo yeNhlalakahle , i-Hudson Institute Executive Briefing, 1997)
Phantse i-40% yabantwana abangahlali kunye noyise wabo wezilwanyana abazange bambone kwiinyanga ezili-12 ezidlulileyo; abangaphezu kwesigamu sabo abazange bahlale ekhaya kwaye ama-26% abo bobawo bahlala kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo kunabantwana babo. ( Baba Facts , Edition 4 (2002), iNkqubo yoBawo kaZwelonke)
Izifundo zokufunda
Ukwahlukana kakhulu kwandisa ingozi kubantwana ukuba babe neengxaki ezinkulu zobomi. Nangona sibona ingozi, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukuqhawula umtshato kunokuba yimpendulo engcono kunazo zonke kubantwana kwiimeko zobundlobongela basekhaya, ukuxhaphazwa okanye ezinye iindlela zokuziphatha eziyingozi kwinxalenye yenye okanye enye (okanye zombini) yabazali. Oomata kufuneka basebenze nzima, nokuba ngaba batshatileyo okanye bangabikho, ukubonelela ngokuqinileyo, ukuzala abaxanduva kunye nokusebenzela ukugcina umtshato, apho kunokwenzeka, okanye ukusebenza nzima ukuba nefuthe elihle kubomi bentsapho xa uyise nomama a ka tshatanga.
Ezi zibalo kufuneka zibe yi-call-up call kunoma yimuphi ubaba othanda nokukhathalela abantwana bakhe. Masivuke kwaye sibonelele ngokuzala abantwana bethu kunye nomzekelo omhle wendima ebomini kubantwana abangenabantwana abasizungezile kunye nendawo yethu yempembelelo.