Ukuchazwa kwegama eliliphiwo aluncedo lula. Kuye kwaphakanyiswa iingcaciso ezininzi, kodwa akukho ncazelo enye yesipho esamkelwe ngumntu wonke okanye nangona uninzi lwabantu. Ngenxa yokuba zininzi iinkcazelo, abantu bahlala bedidekile nje ngokuba kuthetha ukuthini ukufumana izipho. Akunjalo kuphela, ngabazali kunye nootitshala maxa wambi bakuthola kunzima ukuthetha ngoba oko bathethayo kusekelwe kwiingcaciso ezahlukeneyo!
Ukukunceda ekupheliseni ukudideka, yinto efanelekileyo yokuqonda apho ivela khona ixesha kunye nemibono eyahlukileyo eya kubangelwa iinkcazelo ezininzi ezikhoyo namhlanje.
Umvelaphi weXesha eliThiweyo
Ixesha elide labantwana abanelungelo lusetyenziswa ngokuqala ngowe-1869 nguFrancis Galton. Wayebhekisela kubantu abadala ababonisa italente ekhethekileyo kwimiba ethile enesipho, ngokomzekelo, umntu onokuzimela. Abantwana babenokuzuza ilifa lokuba ngumntu omdala, kunye noGalton babhekisela kula bantwana njengabantwana abanesipho. ULee Terman wandisa umbono kaGalton wabantwana abanesakhono ukubandakanya i- IQ ephakamileyo. Ekuqaleni kwee-1900, waqala ukufundelwa kwexesha elide labantwana abanamakhono, awayechaza njengabantwana abane-IQs ezili-140 okanye ngaphezulu. Uphononongo lwakhe lufumene ukuba i-IQ yodwa ayinakulinganisa ukuphumelela ekukhuleni. U-Leta uHollingworth, naye, wayekholelwa ukuba ubuchule bokufumana isipho buzuze ilifa. Nangona kunjalo, wayevakalelwa kukuba ukubonelela indawo yokukhusela ekhaya nakwimeko yesikolo kwakubaluleke kakhulu ekuphuhlisweni kwaloo nto.
Ngomnyaka we-1926, wanyathelisa incwadi yakhe, Abantwana abaFundisiweyo, Ubume Babo kunye noKhuseleko, kunye negama eliliphilileyo lisetyenziselwe ukususela ekubhekiselele kubantwana abanamandla.
Iinkcazo ezahlukeneyo
Ukusetyenziswa kwasekuqaleni kwegama eliliphilileyo kuye kwaholela ekusebenziseni ezahlukeneyo kwegama kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuchaza izipho. Umbono kaGalton wasishiya ngcamango yokuba umntu onomntu unesiphiwo isipho, italente ekhethekileyo iboniswe ngumntu omdala.
Abantu namhlanje bangasebenzisa umntwana onobuchule ngendlela uGalton wasebenzisa ngayo eli lixesha elidala eliliphiwo. Ngamanye amagama, ukuba ngumntwana onobuchule kukubonisa italente ekhethekileyo kwindawo ethile. Umbono we-Terman wabangela ukuba kuchazwe izipho, ezingabandakanyi kuphela i-IQ ephakamileyo, kodwa kunye nombono wokuthi ubupho bufanele ukuba yi-predictor of achievement. Nangona kunjalo, imbono kaHollingworth, ikhokelela ekuchazeni izixhobo ezinokuba ngumntwana okumele zikhuliswe ukuze ziphuhliswe xa zikhulile.
- Ukufakela izipho njenge-Predictor of Achievement Achievement
Iinkcazo eziphathekayo eziqwalasela impumelelo yabantu abadala zongeza izinto ezifana nokuzibophezela komsebenzi okanye ukukhuthaza. Abo bacacisa ukufumana izipho ngale ndlela baqala ngokujonga abantu abadala abaye babonisa impumelelo ekhethekileyo kwintsimi yabo ekhethiweyo, njengo-Einstein, kwaye basebenze emuva ukuze babone iziphi iziganeko ngaphandle kwe-IQ ephakamileyo ebantwaneni. Umntwana ongenalo mbandela, kungakhathaliseki ukuba i-IQ, ayinalo isipho ngokwezo nkcazelo. Umzekelo weRenzulli's Three-Ring Conception of Giftedness. - Ukunika izipho njengokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kulungiswe
Iinkcazo ezithatha izipho njengokuba ziyakwazi ukuphuhliswa zenza umehluko phakathi koko umntwana akwazi ukufezekisa nokuba yintoni umntwana uya kufezekisa. Inyaniso yokuba umntwana unamandla okhethekileyo yinxalenye yento eyenza ukuba unikwe igunya. Ummandla wengane unquma ukuba ingaba inokukhokelela ekuphumeleleni, ngoko ke abantu abachazela izipho ngale ndlela bagxininisa ukubaluleka kokubonelela indawo efanelekileyo. Umzekelo ohlukeneyo weGagne weGugu kunye neTalente ngumzekelo.
- Ukugujwa njengeNtsebenziswano
ULinda Silverman wongezelela umlinganiselo omtsha kwiinkcazo zezinto eziphathekayo xa ebandakanya uphuhliso olungalinganiyo lwabantwana abanesiphiwo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-intanchronous development. Iinkcazo eziphathekayo ezibandakanya uphuhliso olungabonakaliyo aluqwalasela kuphela i-IQ kunye neetalente, kodwa neemvakalelo zengqondo zabantwana abanesakhono, ezifana nobuzwe obukhulu. Incazelo eyenziwe yiColumbus Group ngumzekelo wale ndlela yokuchaza. - Inkcazo yeColumbus Group
Uluhlu 'luphuhliso olungabonakaliyo' apho ubuchule obunzulu bokuqonda kunye nokuqina okuphakanyisiweyo kudibanisa ukwenza amava angaphakathi kunye nolwazi oluhluke ngokusemthethweni kwimiqathango evamile. ngokukhulisa abazali, ukufundisa nokucebisa ukwenzela ukuba bahlakulele ngokufanelekileyo. " (IColumbus Group, 1991)
- Iinkcazo ezisekelwe ezikolweni
Izikolo zingasebenzisa inkcazo yesipho esekelwe kwikhono lobuhlobo. Abafundi bachongwa ngendlela abaqhuba ngayo ngokumalunga nabanye abafundi esikolweni. Abafundi abakwi-5 okanye i-10 (okanye enye inombolo) iipesenti ngabo bachongwa njengabadinga ikharityhulam kunzima kunokuba ikharityhulam rhoqo. Okufakwe kule nkcazo kuhambelana nokokuba umfundi ochongiweyo onikwe izikolo kwisikolo esinye akanako ukuchongwa njengesipho esinye kwesinye isikolo, eshiya abazali badideke.
Ukukwazi ukuba yintoni enye inkcazo ephathekayo ngutitshala okanye inqununu esebenzayo kunokunceda ukwenza unxibelelwano olungathinteliyo kwaye luvelise ngakumbi.