Izifundo ziqikelelwa ukuba abantwana abayizigidi ezi-2 base-US baye bavezwa kwixesha lokulwa kwemali yomzali kwiminyaka eyi-10 edlulileyo. Abanye babo bantwana bafumana ukuphindaphinda komzali xa abanye abantwana bebafumana abazali bobabini.
Ukuthunyelwa kwabazali kunokuvelisa iimvakalelo ezahlukahlukeneyo kubantwana, kubangelwa ukwesaba kunye nokuxhalaba komsindo nokudakumba.
Kwaye kungakhokelela kwimingeni eyahlukeneyo yokufunda nokuziphatha kwabantwana. Ngoko kubalulekile kubazali, abanonophelo, nabanye abantu abadala ukuba baqaphele ukuba i-deployed army ichaphazela njani abantwana.
IiNtshukumo zanamhlanje
Ekubeni iMfazwe yaseVietnam kwiminyaka yama-1960 kunye neye-70s, i-demographic's population has changed. Ngelo xesha, kuphela i-15 ekhulwini yemikhosi esebenzayo-eyayingabantu bonke-babengabazali, ngoko ubunzima babantwana abuzange buvelele okanye buphandwa.
Kodwa ngo-2014, ngokubhekiselele kuphando lweSebe lezoKhuseleko, ama-42 ekhulwini yabasebenzi basejoni ngoku banabantwana. Cinga ngoonyana abasanda kuqalisa ukukhumbula iziganeko ebomini babo ngo-9/11-olu lutsha luye lwasemva ekupheleni kweminyaka engama-20 ubudala, kwaye ilizwe elimfazwe yilo lonke eliye laziwa.
Iinkcitho ziphakathi kweenyanga ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-15. Kwaye ngamanye amaxesha, zenzeka ngexesha loxolo. Uninzi lweentsapho luhamba kakuhle emva kokuthunyelwa kwexesha loxolo ngenxa yokuba ezi ndawo zihlala zikhuselekile kwaye zifutshane.
Ukusetyenziswa kwexesha leMfazwe, nangona kunjalo, lunokubangela uxinzelelo kwiintsapho-ngakumbi abantwana.
IziGaba zoTywala
Xa abaninzi abantu becinga ngokuthunyelwa, baninzi bacinga ukuba bahambe okanye bebalile okanye umzali oseleyo. Kodwa yincinci nje encinane yomfanekiso wonke.
Kukho ngokwenene izigaba ezintathu zokuthunyelwa; ukuhanjiswa kwangaphambili, ukuthunyelwa, kunye nokuthunyelwa kweposi.
Zonke izigaba zintathu zingabangela imingeni eyahlukeneyo kwiintsapho ngoko kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba zonke izigaba ezintathu zichaphazela njani abantwana:
- Ukuxhomekeka kwangaphambili - Ngexesha leentsuku kunye neenyanga ezikhokelela ekuthunjweni, amalungu enkonzo kunye neentsapho zabo banokuhlangabezana neemeko ezixinzelelekileyo, ezifana nokujongana nemiba esemthethweni, ukudala intando, okanye ukunika igunya lommeli. Abantwana banokuziva bedidekile okanye bexhalabele malunga noko kuya kwenzeka kubo.
- Ukuthunyelwa - Xa umzali esetyenzisiweyo, umntwana unokufumana umva, ukulahleka kunye nokushiya. Abanye abantwana bahlakulela izakhono ezintsha zokulwa kunye nokufumana ukuzimela ngakumbi ngeli xesha. Ukulindela umzali ekubuyiseni kunokuzaliswa ngxhala kunye nokuzonwabisa.
- Ukuthunyelwa kweposi emva kwexesha - Iintsapho zisoloko zifumana "isigaba sokunyuka kwesantya" emva kokuhlangana kwakhona. Kodwa kungekudala emva koko, abaninzi baqala ukuzabalazela ukulungisa ubomi bentsapho. Izinto ezininzi zitshintshile ngexesha lomzali osusiweyo. Iingxaki kunye nokulungiswa kungabangela ingxaki xa umzali osetyenzisiweyo eba nesifo sengxaki yokukhathazeka emva kwesifo.
Iintsana, iintsapho kunye nabafundi beSchools
Wonke umntwana uya kuphendula ngokungafaniyo nokuthunyelwa komzali; Nangona kunjalo, ubudala budlala indima. Akukaze kusondele ukuba umntwana aphendule kwi-deployment; uphando lubonisa ukuba nabantwana babonisa iimpawu zokuchaphazeleka komzali.
Abantwana abancinci abaziqondi ukuthunyelwa kwaye banokukwazi ukulwa neenguqu kwiintsapho zentsapho. Basenokufuna ukuqinisekiswa rhoqo ukuba bathandwa, baya kukhuseleka, kwaye abazange benze nantoni na eyenza umzali ahambe.
Uphando lubonisa ukuba ngabafundi bangaphambi kokufunda nabazali abashiyekileyo babonisa ukukhwabanisa kweemvakalelo, ukukhathazeka, ukuxinezeleka, izikhalazo zesigxina kunye nokuhoxiswa. Basenokubonisa ukuxhalaba kohlula kumzali osalayo, qala ukujikima umsindo-nokuba ukwandisa ubunzima-kwaye utshintshe ukutya okanye ukulala.
Abantwana abaneminyaka yobudala
Uphando lubonisa ukuba umgangatho womzali wekhaya lomxininiso ngowona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwi-welfare-minding child's age-school child-time during the deployment.
Abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba abantwana nabazali abasebancinci, babetshatile ixesha elincinci, kwaye babekho ubuncinci obunobunzima beengxaki zengqondo.
Abantwana abaneminyaka engama-11 abaneminyaka engama-2 ubudala abanomzali onobudlelwane nabazali abaye bafumana amathuba angama-2.5 okufumana "amanqaku aphezulu" amanqaku ngenxa yengxaki yomzwelo neyokuziphatha xa kusetshenziselwa uluhlu lokuHlola lweZilwanyana. Kwakhona banokukwazi ukufumana iingxaki zokulala.
Xa umzali esetyenziselwa ukulwa, imiphumo yengqondo yengqondo iqhubekeka emva kokuba umzali esetyenzisiweyo abuyele ekhaya.
Abatsha
Uphononongo oluhlolisise abatsha ababelethwe ngabazali babo, bafumanisa ukuba intsha yayinokuba nexhala malunga nokuphila komzali osetyenzisiweyo. Ukusebenza kwabo ngokwezemfundo kwakunokwenzeka ukuba bancitshiswe.
Kwimeko efanelekileyo, intsha yayinokwenzeka ukuba ibonise ukunyusa uxanduva kunye nokukhula.
Iintsholongwane ziyakwazi ukufumana ubunzima beengxaki xa umzali wabo esetyenziselwa ixesha elide. Impilo yengqondo yomzali kwisekhaya yenze umehluko omkhulu. Umzali wasekhaya ophethe izakhono zokunyamezela ngokufanelekileyo unokufumana umntwana osemva kunye nemibandela embalwa yokulungiswa kwezinto ezinxulumene nokuthunyelwa.
Ikhohlo Lomzali Elingemva
Ukuba ngumzali wasekhaya xa iqabane elithunyelwayo lingabangela uxinzelelo. Akunakukuphela nje ukuba ufanele uthabathe ukukhulelwa komntwana okongezelelweyo kunye nemisebenzi yasendlini-nawe unokufumana uxinzelelo oluneemvakalelo ezinxulumene nokuba nomlingani osebenzayo.
Kukho ukongezwa, nangona kunjalo, ekubeni isimo sengqondo nokuziphatha komzali osesekhaya kunokuchaphazela indlela umntwana aphendulela ngayo ukuthunyelwa.
Umntwana ngokukhawuleza uthabatha indlela umama okanye utata abavakalelwa ngayo ngomnye umzali engekho. Ukuba umzali wasekhaya uyakhathazeka ngokukhuselekileyo kwilungu lomkhosi, umntwana uya kuba nexhala. Ngoko ke, ukuzinakekela abantu abadala kukubaluleke kakhulu ngeli xesha.
Indlela Yokunceda Abantwana Abachaphazelekayo Ukuthunyelwa kwabazali
Uphando lubonisa ukuba ngokuphindaphindiweyo kuthatha iintsapho ezintandathu malunga neeveki ukuqala ukuvelisa iinkqubo ezintsha kunye nesimo esitsha sokuqheleka. Nazi ezinye izicwangciso zokuncedisa umntwana wakho ukulungelelanisa nomzali osetyenzisiweyo:
- Ngaba omnye umzali ufunde ibali lokulala okanye wenze ividiyo. Ukuba unako ukudala ukurekhodwa ngaphambi kokuba umnye umzali asetyenziswe, ukubona okanye ukuva ilizwi lomzali esetyenzisiweyo kunokuthuthuzela.
- Thetha ngomzali oqhutywe rhoqo . Ngamanye amaxesha umzali-ekhaya ukwesaba ukuthetha ngomzali osetyenzisiweyo uya kuba nzima kakhulu kwiintsana. Kodwa ukuthetha ngolu hlobo kunye nomnye umzali kunokuzisa induduzo.
- Unxibelelwano olusondeleyo nomzali otyunjweyo . Ukuba ii-fowuni zivunyelwe (kwaye abantwana abakwazi ukuva izinto ezikrakra ngexesha lofowuni) baququze iingxoxo. Ungakhuthaza umntwana wakho ukuba abhale iileta aze athathe imifanekiso yomnye umzali.
- Ukunciphisa ukuhanjiswa kweendaba kubantwana abancinci. Ukuba umzali usemngciphekweni wezemikhosi, inqaku leendaba liza kubangela abantwana abaselula. Ukuba uvumela abantwana abadala ukuba bafikelele kwiindaba, gcina rhoqo iingxoxo malunga noko babona nokufunda.
- Thetha ngemfazwe . Khangela oko umntwana wakho akwazi malunga nempi kunye neengxabano. Qinisekisa ukuba uqhuba iingxoxo malunga nemfazwe ngendlela enobubele .
- Thetha ngeemvakalelo zomntwana wakho. Hlola kunye nomntwana wakho rhoqo ukuthetha ngeemvakalelo. Yenza kucace ukuba kulungile ukuziva iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemizwa, njengentlungu, ukwesaba, kunye nomsindo. Qinisekisa iimvakalelo zomntwana wakho kwaye uthethe ngeendlela eziphilileyo zokuhlangabezana nale mvakalelo.
- Gcina ingqiqo yesiqhelo . Kubalulekile ukuba abantwana babe nesakhiwo . Kwaye inkqubo eqhelekileyo inokunceda abantwana baziva bekhuselekile nangona ubomi babo buncinci.
- Musa ukuthetha ngoxinzelelo olujongene nokuthunyelwa phambi komntwana wakho. Musa ukunyanzela umntwana wakho ngolwazi malunga nokuba kunzima kangakanani okanye ukwethusa ukujongana nokuthunyelwa. Gcina ezo ngxoxo zivela kwi-earshot kumntwana wakho.
- Yenza i-scrapbook ukwabelana nomnye umzali . Khuthaza umntwana wakho ukuba abeke imifanekiso, amabali kunye neemementos kwi-scrapbook engabelana ngayo xa omnye umzali ebuyela ekhaya. Inokukunceda umntwana wakho ahlale ekhuthele kwaye efanelekileyo.
- Nika ixesha elininzi ngexesha . Umntwana wakho unokufuna ingqwalasela eyongezelelweyo xa omnye umzali esetyenzisiweyo. Beka eceleni ixesha elincinci suku ngalunye ukuze unike ingqwalasela yakho. Yaye uzama ukucwangcisa amathuba amaninzi okuchitha ixesha elifanelekileyo kunye ngeeveki kunye neeholide.
- Gcina umgaqo-mithetho ufana . Qhubeka usebenzise iindlela ezifanayo zokuziphatha xa usebenzisa omnye umzali. Ukunyanzelisa imigaqo kwaye usebenzise imiphumo eyayibekwe phambi kokuthunyelwa komnye umzali.
- Ukufikelela kwizibonelelo ezibonelelwa ngumkhosi . Ukususela kwiinkampu zasehlotyeni zabantwana ababenokubakho abazali kwiiwebhusayithi apho abantwana bangakwazi ukudibanisa nabanye abantwana abajongene nemingeni efanayo, umkhosi unikeza iintsapho izixhobo ezahlukeneyo. Finyelela ezo zixhobo kwintsapho yakho kwaye uqhagamshelane namanye amalungu omkhosi aqondayo iimeko zakho.
- Zikhathalele. Ukulawula uxinzelelo lwakho kunye nokunyamekela impilo yakho kuya kwindlela ende yokunceda umntwana wakho. Ukuba unzima ukufumana iindlela eziphathekayo zokujongana nokuthunyelwa komlingani wakho, xela ugqirha okanye ufune iinkonzo kwizengcali zempilo yengqondo.
- Funa uncedo lobugcisa. Ukuba ubona utshintsho kwimvakalelo yomntwana okanye ukuziphatha okuhlala ngaphezu kweeveki ezimbalwa, khuluma nomntwana wengane yomntwana okanye udibanise neengcali zempilo yengqondo . Okanye, ukuba intsapho yakho iyanzima ukulungelelanisa utshintsho xa umzali esetyenzisiweyo ebuyela ekhaya, funa uncedo kumfundi owaziyo iimfuno zeentsapho zempi.
Akulula kumntu onentsapho, nokuba ngumlingane okanye umntwana, ukujongana nokuthunyelwa. Nangona kunjalo, abantwana banokuzimelela ngokugqithiseleyo kwaye, ngoncedo oluncinane, intsapho yonke ingakwazi ukulungelelanisa nezinto ezenzeka ebomini.
> Imithombo
> Alfano CA, Lau S, Balderas J, Bunnell BE, Beidel DC. Impembelelo yokuthunyelwa komkhosi kwabantwana: Ukubeka umngcipheko wophuhliso kwimeko. Ukuhlolwa kweSiklinikhi yePhysical Psychology . 2016; 43: 17-29.
> Nelson SC, Baker MJ, Weston CG. Impembelelo yokuThunywa koMkhosi kwiNtuthuko kunye neNtsebenzo yabantwana. Iiklinikhi zezilwanyana zaseNyakatho Melika . 2016; 63 (5): 795-811.
> Siegel B, Davis B. Impilo kunye neZempilo zeMpilo Izidingo zabantwana eMindeni yamaMerika yaseMelika. Pediatrics . 2013; 131 (6).
> Trautmann J, Alhusen J, Gross D. Impembelelo yokuthunyelwa kwiintsapho zasemkhosini nabantwana abancinci: Ukuphononongwa ngokuchanekileyo. Nursing Outlook . 2015; 63 (6): 656-679.
> Isebe lezoKhuseleko lase-US: I-Military Children Serving, Too.