Ukubukela ukukhula komntwana wakho kunye nophuhliso kungonwabile kwaye kuyithabathe.
Ngelishwa, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa zokuqala zentsana, ngaphandle kokumomotheka nokuhleka, akuzange kubekho amanyathelo amaninzi okuphuhliswayo okuvuyisa kakhulu.
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Iiveki ezilishumi elinesibini: Iimpawu eziphambili zeNtsana yakhoUninzi luqala ukuqhubeka malunga neveki ezilishumi elinambini, nangona kunjalo. Ukongeza kwimizuzu yakhe yesibini yeenyanga , umntwana wakho angaqala uku:
- ubambe ikhanda lakhe kwi-angle-degree
- kuhlala kunye nenkxaso kwaye ubambe intloko
- kuthwala ubunzima kwimilenze yakhe
- Qengqela ngaphaya
- uyiphakamise isifuba sakhe xa esesiswini sakhe aze azixhase
- ukujika kwizandi kunye nokuxelisa izandi zentetho
- bambamba izandla kunye nokuqonda i-rattle
- landela izinto ngee-180 degree degree
Ukuze uncede umntwana wakho ahlangabezane nale miba ephambili, ingaba yinto efanelekileyo yokusebenzisa ixesha lomzimba ngalunye usuku kwaye uthethe kwinqanaba lakho lezilwanyana ukuba unomuvo wokuthi umntwana wakho unokulibaziseka .
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Iziyobisi kunye nokuxilwaOomama abaninzi bancelisayo namhlanje kunanini ngaphambili, kodwa ngelanga, amanani okuncelisa asemaseleni aphantsi kweenjongo ezibekwe zona iingcali.
I-CDC yabantu abane-Healthy 2010, elineziphumo zempilo yelizwe, iquka iithagethi zokuncelisa. Baye ukuba ama-50% omama aya kuncelisa kwiinyanga ezintandathu kwaye ubuncinane ama-25% aya kubelesa kwiinyanga ezili-12.
Nangona zikho izizathu ezininzi zokuba umama ayeke unesi phambi kokuba ahlangabezane nale njongo, kubandakanye neengxaki zokufumana umntwana ukuba angene, ecinga ukuba ayenzi ubisi ngokwaneleyo, okanye abuyele emsebenzini, umiselwe ukuba iyeza elitsha akumele ube ngumnye wabo. Ngophando oluncinci, wena kunye nogqirha wakho unokufumana amayeza ahambelana nokuncelisa.
Khumbula ukuba i-American Academy ye-Pediatrics (AAP) ithi "ezininzi iziyobisi ezinokumiselwa umama onesiko kufuneka zingabi nampembelelo ekunikezeni ubisi okanye kwimpilo yabantwana." I-AAP ipapasha uluhlu olude lwamachiza avame ukuhambelana nokuncelisa kunye neloluhlu olufutshane kakhulu lwamachiza okukhusela.
Iidakamizwa kunye neLactation Database (LactMed)
Iingcebiso ze-AAP, kwaye malunga nayo yonke into eyaziwa ngamachiza kunye nokuncelisa, ifakiwe kwiDrugs and Database Lactation. Ukongeza kweso sifutshane malunga namayeza aqhelekileyo kunye nokuncelisa, uLactMed inikeza ulwazi ngemiphumo yeziyobisi kumntwana, iimiphumo ezinokwenzeka kwimveliso yebele , isigaba se-AAP kunye namanye amayeza anokuqwalasela.
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Iintsana ezineeNqamlezoUkuba iliso lakho lomntwana elikhulile liphuma ngaphandle (exotropia) okanye ngaphakathi (isotropia), ngoko ngokuqhelekileyo kuthetha ukuba une-strabismus, okanye amehlo angahambelani kakuhle. Oku kufuna ukuba unyango luhlolwe ngamehlo, iilazi, kunye nexesha lokuhlinzwa.
Ngethamsanqa, ngokuqhelekileyo kubonakala kwintsholongwane yakho kwintsana ngezinye izihlandlo. Enyanisweni, kwiinyanga zabo zokuqala ezimbalwa, iintsana azigxininisi kakuhle, ezinokubangela ukuba amaxesha athile awele.
Ngeenyanga ezintathu okanye ezine, nokuba kunjalo, amehlo akho umntwana kufuneka akwazi ukugxila kwizinto ngokujonga ngqo kubo bobabini amehlo. Ukuba amehlo akho umntwana ekhangeleka ngathi awela xa sele eneminyaka emithathu ubudala, kufuneka ahlolwe ngumntwana we-ophthalmologist ukuze abone ukuba unobungozi.
Ngaphambi kokuba iinyanga ezintathu okanye ezine, ukuba amehlo akho umntwana ehlala ebonakala ewela, ngoko yinto efanelekileyo ukujonga amehlo akhe.
Kutheni iliso liwela ingxaki?
Ukuba amehlo omntwana awahambelananga, mhlawumbi akayi kubona kakuhle komnye wabo. Oku kungakhokelela ekubeni yi- amblyopia , eyancipha umbono kumnye womntwana wakho.
Strabismus kunye nomntwana wakho
Ukongeza kokuvavanywa ngumntwana we-ophthalmologist, kufuneka uxoxe naluphi na uxhalabisayo malunga ne-strabismus kunye nezingane zakho. Kukho iimvavanyo ezimbalwa ezilula, kubandakanywa uvavanyo lwekhava kunye nokuhlolwa kwe-reflex light, engayifumana i-strabismus, ukuba isifo sakho sezingane silinge. Kuvavanyo lokugubungela, udokotela wakho wezilwanyana ugubungela iliso elilodwa ukuba abone ukuba omnye uhambayo, owuphawu lwe-strabismus. Ukukhanya kwesikhala kusetyenziswa kwi-test corneal light reflex ukujonga ukuba i-reflex yokukhanya isesimweni esifanayo kuwo onke amehlo xa kukhanya kuboniswa kubo. Ukuba akunjalo, ngoko oko kungabonakalisa uphawu lwe-strabismus.
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Baby TalkUmntwana wakho oneminyaka emithathu ubudala akayi kuthetha kakhulu. Ngokuqinisekileyo, uya kufumana i-squeals, ukuhleka, kunye nezinye izandi, kodwa akukho zixhobo ezikhoyo zangoku. Intetho yabantwana kule minyaka inamanye okuthini xa uthetha nomntwana wakho kwaye akunjalo nangendlela umntwana wakho athetha ngayo nawe.
Ukuthetha Nomntwana Wakho
Ngaba ufuna ngokwenene ukufunda indlela yokuthetha nomntwana wakho?
Abanye abazali benza, ngakumbi xa bengathethi nentsana yabo. Umntwana wakho akanako ukuqonda ukuba uthetha ntoni ngoku, kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba akayi kuzuza ngokuva uthetha. Khumbula ukuba i-AAP icebisa ukuba abazali bathethe, bahlabelele, bafundele iintsana zabo, kunokubavumela ukuba babukele iTV.
Ukuba awuqinisekanga ukuba ungathini, ungaqala ngokumxelela into oyenzayo kunoma yimuphi umzuzu, njengokuba utshintsha i-diaper yomntwana wakho, ukumfumana ugqoke, okanye ukumnika ibhafu.
Ungafunda kwakhona iincwadi, uhlabelele iingoma, okanye wenze isandi somntwana ukuba "uthethe" umntwana wakho.
Inokukunceda wena kunye nosana lwakho ufunde intetho yomntwana ukuba:
- ukuxelisa ezinye izandi kunye nokumemeza kwakho umntwana
- kuthetha malunga nezinto umntwana wakho ekhangele okanye ebonakala enomdla kuzo
- ukuvuya xa umntwana wakho enza izandi kwaye uzama ukuthetha okanye ukuphendula oko uthethayo
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Ukunyuka kwi-NurseryNjengoko kulindeleke ukuba bavuswe ngamaxesha amaninzi ngobusuku, iintsana kunye neentsana ezincinci zihlala zilala egumbini elinye kunye nonina. Ukusondelana nomama nobawoloko kunceda ukwenza ubusuku bokuncedisa ukutya lula, ngoko ke wonke umntu unokubuyela emva kokulala ngokukhawuleza.
Le ngcebiso yaqinisekiswa kwi-American Academy of Pediatrics, xa bethetha ukuba iintsana zifanele zilale ebhedeni, i-bassinet, okanye indawo yokulala eyahlukileyo, kodwa isondele, kwibhedi likamama. Kungenxa yokuba "umngcipheko we-SIDS ubonisiwe ukunciphisa xa usana lulele egumbini elifanayo njengonina."
Kodwa ngaba oko kuthetha ukuba umntwana wakho kufuneka alale kwigumbi elinye kunye nawe unyaka wakhe wokuqala?
Mhlawumbi akunjalo, ingakumbi xa ucinga ukuba umngcipheko wakho usana oluphezulu lwe-SIDS ungaphambi kokuba abe neenyanga ezintathu ukuya kwezine. Ngoko ngeenyanga ezintlanu ukuya ezintandathu, ukuba umntwana wakho elele ubusuku, unokumthuthela kumanini akhe (ukuba unendawo yokulala naye).
Nangona i-AAP, encwadini, ithi xa umntwana wakho "elele egumbini lakho ngeenyanga ezintandathu, lixesha lokumkhupha." Oku kubhekisela kwintsana engalali kakuhle kwigumbi likamama, nangona kunjalo, ngengcamango yokuba umntwana usenokuvuka rhoqo ngenxa yokuba uva okanye aziva abazali bakhe egumbini. Gcina ukhumbule ukuba ukuba umntwana wakho elele egumbini lakho, akufanele uphume naye ukuba awufuni.
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Isibhengezo soKhusela kwiintsanaAbazali abaninzi bacinga ukuba i-pertussis, okanye ukukhwehlela, iyisifo sexesha elidlulileyo, njengamanye amaninzi okukhusela ukukhuselwa .
Ngelishwa, ngokungafani ne-polio yesifo kunye nemasisi, okuye yachithwa e-United States, abantwana banokufumana ukukhwehlela.
Iingozi ezikhuselekileyo
Kutheni iintsana zisengozini yokufumana ukukhwehlela?
Esinye isizathu esikhulu kukuba nangona bafumana i- diphtheria, i-tetanus, kunye ne-acellular pertussis yokugonya ( DTaP ), akude bafumane i-dose yesithathu xa baneminyaka engama-6 ubudala ukuba bakhuselwe ukukhwehlela njengentsana. Abantwana abakhulileyo bafumana ukhuselo lwabo kwii-booster zabo kwiinyanga ezili-15 ukuya kwezi-18, iminyaka engama-4 ukuya kwe-6, kwaye kwakhona kwiminyaka eyi-11 ukuya kwe-12 (isitofu sokugonywa kweTdap ).
Abantwana abaninzi abadala kunye nabantu abadala abakwazi ukumelana ne-pertussis nangona, ekubeni isitofu sokugonywa kweTdap sitsha ngokutsha, kwaye ukukhuseleka kwe-pertussis kugqithise. Oko kuthetha ukuba abatsha nabadala banokuba ne-pertussis, ngokukodwa ukuba banokukhwehlela okude kwiiveki okanye kwiinyanga. Enyanisweni, iimeko ze-pertussis ziye zaphakama kwiminyaka yamuva nje, kwaye umntwana wakho unokufumana ukukhwehlela ngokukrakra ukuba wayenomntu onentsholongwane.
Xa abazali becinga ngokukhupha iimpawu zokukhwehlela, bahlala becinga ngomntwana ophethe izipho ezinokukhwehlela ezilandelwa yizwi 'lokukhupha.' Nangona oko kuyimpawu okanye isandi seklasi ukuba abantwana abanomkhuhlane oguguzayo, khumbula ukuba akuzona zonke iintsana ezenza ezo zandi. Esikhundleni saloo nto, ezinye iifana zinokukhwehlela, ezinye zikhwehlela baze zihlume (i-post-tussive emesis), kwaye abanye banomkhuhlane ongapheliyo. Kwaye ininzi abantwana abanomkhuhlane oqhawulayo uqala ngokubonakalisa iimpawu ezibandayo.
Ukukhwehlela komzimba kungabaluleke kakhulu kwiintsana kunye neentsana eziselula, ezinokuthi ziphethwe yi-apnea, okanye ixesha apho ziyeka ukuphefumla.
Funa uncedo lwezonyango ukuba ucinga ukuba umntwana wakho unokufumana ukukhwehlela.
Isaziso soKhusela
Ekubeni iintsana kunye neentsana ezincinci zisengozini yokukhwehlela ukukhwehlela kwaye azikhuselwanga ngokupheleleyo ngeentsholongwane zabo okwamanje, kubalulekile ukubancedisa ukuphepha ukukhwehlela.
Enye indlela efanelekileyo kukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abadala abaya kuqhagamshelana nabantwana abangaphantsi kweenyanga ezili-12, kuquka nabazali, ootatomkhulu (nangona baneminyaka engaphezulu kweminyaka engama-65 ubudala), ababoneleli bamanyango kunye nabasebenzi bezempilo, fumana i-Tdap isitofu sokugonywa ukuba ayenayo enye, nangona ithe yayingaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-10 ukususela kwinqanaba lokugqibela le-tetanus.
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Ukunyangwa kwesifo sohudoNangona uhudo luvame ukubangelwa izifo zintsholongwane eziqhelekileyo kubantwana abadala, njenge-rotavirus, iintsana kunye nabantwana abancinci banokuhlala benesifo sohudo kwiimeko ezingaxhomekiyo kunye ne-allergies. Iintsana ezinamabele zingenakho ukurhoxiswa kokungaxelwanga kokutya , ngokuqhelekileyo kunento into yokuba unyoko wabo udla okanye uphuzo oludlula ubisi lwakhe.
Unyango lwe-Diarrhea
Ekubeni isifo sohudo sisisifo esiqhelekileyo, kuluvo olungileyo ukuqonda unyango olucetyiswayo kwiintsana ezinesifo sohudo, ukuze ulungele ukuba umntwana wakho ugula. Ukuba umntwana wakho unesifo sohudo kunye / okanye nje ukuhlanza ngezihlandlo, ezi zonyango ziya kubandakanya:
- ukuqhubeka nomnesi okanye ifomula kwondla intsana yakho
- ukunika umntwana i-ounces ezimbalwa zePedialyte eyongezelelweyo okanye ezinye izicombululo ze-electrolyte nanini na unesifo sohudo, ngaphezu kokutya kwakhe rhoqo kwesibele okanye i-formula
- ukuphepha ukunika isiselo sakho somntwana kunye neentshukela ezininzi ezongeziweyo, njengejusi
- ukufumana umntwana wakho ekudleni okufanelekileyo, okungekho mthethweni (isifuba, ifomula, ukutya kwasebantwaneni, njl.) kungekudala
Nangona i-Pedialyte kunye nezinye izicombululo ze-electrolyte zivame ukucetyiswa xa abantwana benesifo sohudo, kubalulekile ukuba baqonde ukuba ababoni ukuba i-diarrhea ihambe. Kunoko, banikezwa ukuze umntwana wakho angagcini.
Ukuba unako ukunyusa umntwana wakho iPedialyte ngaphezu kwamahora angama-12 okanye ukuba umntwana unempawu zokungcoliswa kwamanzi , kufuneka uxoxe nodokotela wezilwanyana.
Utshintsho lwezondlo zeDirarha
Ukuba ucinga ukuba isifo sohudo sisuka kwimiba yokutya kwaye kungenako ukusuleleka, ingakumbi xa engabikho kwintsholongwane kwaye akukho mntu uyagula, khuluma nenkokheli yezingane malunga nento oyenzayo ngokuzayo. Oku kungabandakanya ukukhawulela ubisi kunye nemveliso yobisi ekutyeni kokuncelisa umntwana okanye ukutshintsha ifom yokufumana umntwana.
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Isaziso seMpilo kwiTVI-AAP icacile kwisiphakamiso sabo sokuba abazali "badikibele ukubukela ithelevishini kubantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-2."
Oku kuyamangalisa ukuba kukho iividiyo ezininzi kunye nesiteshi seTV somntwana. BabyFirstTV, efumaneka kwiinqununu ze-DirecTV kunye ne-DISH, zithengiswa nje ngokuba "ngumzila wokuqala wesizwe."
Iyintoni ingxaki ngokubukela iTV?
I-AAP ithi "nangona kukho iingeniso ezinokuthi zibukele imiboniso yamabonwakude, njengokukhuthazwa kwezinto ezintle zokuziphatha kwezentlalo (njengokwabelana, ukuziphatha kunye nentsebenziswano), nemiphumo emibi yempilo nayo ingabangela," kuquka ukunyuka kwe:
- ukunyanzelisa nobudlova
- ukusebenza kwe sikolo
- ukhetho lokutya olubi kunye nokunyanya komntwana
Uphando luye lwalubonisa ngokukodwa ukulibaziseka ekuphuculweni kolwimi kwabantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-2 ababukela i-TV kunye namavidiyo omntwana.
Akukho Tvishini - Ngokwenene?
Abazali abaninzi bacinga ukuba ukuvinjelwa kokubukela i-TV kubantwana abancinci kukuncinci. Ababoni nantlungu na ngokuvumela umntwana wabo ukuba abukele umboniso wemfundo okanye amabini, ngokukodwa xa bezama ukwenza into ethile, njengokuba batha okanye ulungiselele isidlo sakusihlwa.
Isihlandlo esingaqhelekanga, imbonakalo yezemfundo ayisoloko iyingxaki. Kungakumbi abo basebenzisa iTV njengomntwana okanye abavumela abantwana babo babukele imiboniso engafanelekanga.
Gcina ukhumbule ukuba umntwana wakho uya kukhula kakuhle xa engaboni nayiphi na i-TV kwaye njengoko i-AAP icebisa, unikezela "imisebenzi engakumbi yokusebenzisana eya kukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kwengqondo efanelekileyo, njengokuthetha, ukudlala, ukucula nokufunda kunye . "
Imithombo:
I-American Academy yePediatrics. Ingxelo yePolisi. Abantwana, i-Adolescents, kunye neTelevishini. Izifo zengqondo zika-2001 2001 107: 423-426.
> I-American Academy ye-Pediatrics Policy Statement. I-Conforming Concept ye-Child Immance Death Syndrome. PEDIATRICS Vol. 116 No. 5 Novemba 2005, iphe. 1245-1255.
> I-American Academy yePediatrics. Ingxelo yePolisi. Ukutshintshwa kweeDrugs kunye nezinye iikhemikhali kwiMiki yabantu. PEDIATRICS Vol. 108 No. 3 Septemba 2001, iphe. 776-789.
> Amacandelo okuLawula nokuLawula izifo. Abantu abanempilo ngo-2010. Umama wamaMama, iNtsana kunye neMpilo yabantwana. Ukuncelisa, Ukuzalwa kweNewborn, kunye neNkqubo zeNkonzo.
Okokuqala musa ukulimaza: kutheni abazali nabahlengikazi belahlekelwa isikhephe kubantwana nakwabemijelo? I-Strasburger VC-J I-Pediatr - 01-OCT-2007; 151 (4): 334-6.