Iseluleko sezilwanyana kunye neZenzo eziPhambili

by UVincent Iannelli, MD, ugqirha oqinisekisiweyo webhodi

Iziphakamiso ze-AAP

Iseluleko sezilwanyana

Ngokwe-American Academy ye-Pediatrics (AAP), "Ukuthintela ngenye yezinto eziphawulekayo zokwenza abantwana kwaye kubandakanya imisebenzi ehlukahlukeneyo njengeziboniso ezisanda kuzalwa, ukugonywa, kunye nokuphakanyiswa kwezihlalo zokukhusela imoto kunye neenqanda zebhayisiki."

Esi sicatshulwa sasisitatimende somgaqo-nkqubo malunga nokuthintela ukukhuluphala komntwana kunye nesinconywa ukubala inani lenkomfa yengane yomntwana (BMI) ngonyaka.

Oku kunokukunceda ukuchonga nokukhusela ingxaki ekhulayo yobunzima bomntwana.

Ingxaki ebalulekileyo kuzo zonke iindidi zeengcebiso zonyango kukuba zisebenza kuphela xa zenziwa ngokuqhelekileyo, okwenzeka ngelanga nje ukuba kunjalo nje ngokuba njengabantwana besifo sonyango abangazi ngemigaqo emitsha, abavumelani nemigaqo ethile, okanye nje ukuthanda ukwenza izinto ngendlela yabo engcono.

Ukuhlolwa kwezilwanyana

I-AAP icebisa ukuba abantwana bahlaziywe xa be:

iintsuku ezintathu ukuya ezintlanu ubudala ( ukutyelela okokuqala kwinqanaba labantwana )
malunga nenyanga enye ubudala
zinyanga ezimbini
ezine ezineenyanga
zinyanga ezintandathu
zinyanga ezithoba
elilishumi elinesibini ubudala
ezinyangeni ezilishumi elinesihlanu
elilishumi elinesibhozo ubudala
emibini ubudala
emithathu ubudala
emine ubudala
emihlanu ubudala

Kunconywa ukuba abantwana abaneminyaka esikolweni kunye nentsha bafumane ukuhlolwa kwezingane kakuhle ngonyaka.

Iindlela eziPhambili zoMntwana

Ukuqaphela ezi zonyango zendlela ezingcono kunokuncedisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba umntwana wakho uyanyamekela ukulandela iziphakamiso zakutsha ezivela kwi-American Academy of Pediatrics.

I-Autism Screening : ootitshala bezilwanyana kufuneka bafune iiflegi ezibomvu ze-autism (i-contact contact eye, engaphenduli igama elibiziweyo, kunye nokulibazisa ukuthetha kunye nentetho yabantwana, njl.) Enokuba ngumqondiso we-autism kumntu ngamnye ohambele kakuhle kwaye kufuneka asebenzise i-autism ithuluzi lesikrini, njenge-M-CHAT (Uhlalutyo loHlolo lwe-Autism kwi-Toddlers), kwiinyanga ezili-18 ne-24 okanye nanini xa umzali ephakamisa iingxakini ukuba umntwana angenayo i-autism.

Uxinzelelo lwegazi : abantwana kufuneka babe neengcinezelo zegazi rhoqo ekutyelelweni komntwana ngamnye oqalayo kwiminyaka emithathu.
I-BMI : abantwana kunye nentsha kufuneka bafumane i-BMI yabo ibalwe kwaye bacebise kwi-chart ye-BMI iseshoni ngonyaka ukwenzela ukukunceda ukufumanisa inzuzo enzima kunye nomngcipheko wokwanda kwenani lomntwana. Uyazi i-BMI yomntwana wakho?
Ukuncelisa : Abantwabantwana kufuneka bakhuthaze ukuncelisa ibele kuphela, ngaphandle kwamanzi athileyo, ijusi, okanye ukutya okunye, kwiinyanga ezintandathu zokuqala zobomi bentsana, kwaye emva kokutya kokusana kunye nokuzalwa komntwana kuqaliswe malunga neenyanga ezintandathu, "Ukuncelisa kufuneka kuqhutywe ubuncinane Unyaka wokuqala wobomi kunye nangaphaya kwexesha elide elifunwa ngumama nomntwana. "
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Cholesterol : Bonke abantwana kufuneka babe nokuhlolwa kwe-cholesterol okungenayo ukutya xa beneminyaka eyi-9 ukuya kwe-11 ubudala. Abantu abanomdla wentsapho efanelekileyo ye-dyslipidemia (i-high blood cholesterol kunye / okanye i-triglycerides) okanye isifo se-cardiovascular premature (ukunyuka kwengcinezelo yegazi, ukuhlaselwa yintliziyo, ukubetha, okanye ukuhluleka kwentliziyo, njl., Kuma-65 (amadoda) okanye 55 ubudala kunye nabancinci), ukuba imbali yabo yentsapho ingaziwa, okanye ingaba zikhulu kakhulu, zineengcinezelo zegazi eziphezulu, isifo sikashukela, okanye zitshe umsila, njl, kufuneka zibe neprofayili yokuzila ukutya xa iphakathi kweminyaka emi-2 ukuya kwe-10 ubudala.

Uvavanyo lokuvavanya : Ukongeza kokuvavanya kwabo ukuzalwa kwintsana, abantwana kufuneka baqale ukufumana iimvavanyo zokuvavanya ngokusesikweni kwintsapho yabo rhoqo ngonyaka beqala xa beneminyaka emine ubudala. Uvavanyo lokuvavanya ngonyaka luyenziwa nakwi minyaka emihlanu, ezintandathu, ezisibhozo kunye neminyaka elishumi. Uvavanyo olusesikweni oluqhelekileyo lweengxaki zengxoxo kufuneka lwenziwe xa zihlolwa rhoqo ngonyaka.
I-Hematocrit : i-hemoglobin okanye i-hematocrit ye-blood test idlalwa kwiinyanga ezili-12 ukuvavanya abantwana ngegazi legazi, elalibangelwa yintlupheko yesinyithi. Ukongezwa okongeziweyo kwimiba yobungozi be-anemia, njengabantwana abancinci abangadli i-cereal okanye abancinci abasebenzisa i-milk eninzi, njl njl., Banconywa ngeenyanga ezine, iinyanga ezili-18, kwaye emva koko kuhlolwa kwengane yakho ngonyaka.

Intsholongwane kaGawulayo : i-CDC icebisa ukuhlolwa kwentsholongwane kaGawulayo kwintsholongwane xa iqalisa iminyaka engama-13 ubudala kwaye iphinda iphindwe rhoqo ngonyaka xa zisengozini enkulu yokusuleleka ngu-HIV. I-AAP icebisa ukuba bonke abatsha banokuhlolwa koGawulayo xa beneminyaka eyi-16 ukuya kwe-18 ubudala, okanye kungekudala ukuba banobungozi obuphezulu.
I-jaundice : Zonke iintsana kufuneka zihlolwe rhoqo ngokuphuhliswa kwe- jaundice ngaphambi kokuba zihanjiswe ekhaya zivela kwii-nursery kwaye ingozi yomntwana ekuphuhliseni i-jaundice kufuneka ihlolwe ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe ekhaya. Bamele babonwe ngunyango lwabazali kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba abaphuhlisi i-jaundice. Abazali bafanele bahlale bekhumbula ukuba ukukhanya kwelanga ukuphatha i-jaundice akusaphakanyiswa yi-AAP.
Ukutyhefuza i-Poisoning : abantwana, ingakumbi iintsana kunye nabantwana, kufuneka bahlale bebuzwa malunga nemingcipheko yokubangela ukutyhefuza kunye nokuvavanywa xa kufanelekile, njengokuba behlala kwindlu eyakhiwe ngaphambi kowe-1978, ukuba nabahlobo okanye amalungu omzimba anamazinga aphakamileyo aphezulu, okanye ngenxa yombuso okanye isicwangciso sokuhlola isetyhe sendawo.
Ukutshatyalaliswa kweNtsana : abantwana abaninzi abasandul 'ukuzalwa kufuneka bavunyelwe ukuba bahlale esibhedlele ubuncinane kwiiyure ezingama-48 emva kokuhanjiswa kwezesini kunye neeyure ezingama-96 emva kokuhanjiswa kwezilwanyana, nangona ezinye iilwanyana ezinempilo, ezizeleyo ezizeleyo zingenazo ingozi, abahlangabezana nemigqaliselo ethile ikhaya ngokukhawuleza ukuba ngaba baya kulandelelana nezingane zabo kwiiyure ezingama-48.
Isikhathi seSkrini : I-AAP icebisa ukuba iintsana kunye nabantwana abaselula abangaphantsi kweeminyaka emibini mabangabi naliphi ixesha leskrini kuzo zonke - kufuneka babe yi-screen free. Abantwana abakhulileyo akufanele babe neTV eklasini labo kwaye kufuneka babekelwe ngaphaya kweeyure ezimbini ukuya kwiintsuku nganye kwesikrini sesiskrini, kuquka ukubukela umabonwakude, iividiyo, kunye nama-movie, nokudlala imidlalo yekhompyutha kunye nevidiyo, njl.
U-Sex Ed : ngokubhekiselele kwixabiso lomntu kunye neenkcubeko, ootitshala bezingane kufuneka bathethe nabazali, abantwana kunye nentsha malunga nemfundo yesondo ngendlela efanelekileyo.
Ii-STD : zonke iintombazana ezisebenzelana ngesondo kufuneka zihlolwe rhoqo ngezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi (STDs) ngonyaka, kubandakanywa i-chlamydia kunye ne-gonorrhea, into abanokuyenza ngaphandle kwempawu.
I-sunscreen : abantwana basenokukhumbuza abazali ukuba abantwana babo bafanele bagweme ukushisa kwelanga, i-suntanning, kunye nezinye iindlela zokunciphisa ukukhanya kwelanga , ngaphezu kokucebisa ukuba xa sele bezinyanga ezintandathu ubudala, basebenzela isikrini selanga elibanzi kunye ne-SPF ye-15 okanye ngaphezulu kwe-15 ukuya kwimitha engama-30 ngaphambi kokuphuma elanga, kwaye kufuneka bawusebenzise kwakhona ubuncinane nganye iiyure ezimbini. Iintsana ezineminyaka engaphantsi kweenyanga ezintandathu kufuneka zigcinwe ngaphandle kwelanga, nangona xa kunyanzelekile, i-suncreen ingasetyenziselwa kwiindawo ezivelele ezingakhange zifakwe ingubo kunye nezinye izambatho zokukhusela.
Ukufunda izifundo : Ukongeza kubazali abacebisa ngokukhusela abantwana ngokukhusela abantwana kunye nekhuseleko lwamanzi , ootitshala bezingane kufuneka bakhumbuze abazali ukuba baninzi abantwana abaneminyaka emine ubudala kufuneka bathathe izifundo zokubhukuda baze bafunde ukubhukuda.
Uvavanyo lwe-TB : I-Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) idlalwa kuphela kubantwana abaneengxaki ze-TB, kubandakanywa nabantwana abanentsholongwane kaGawulayo, abaselula abasemthethweni, abantwana abaye baqhagamshelana nomntu onesifo sofuba, baneempawu okanye iimpawu ze-TB, abasandul 'ukufuduka ukususela, kubandakanywa nabamkeli bamazwe ngamazwe, okanye bahambe baye kwilizwe elinomdla we-TB ophezulu.
I-Universal Hearing Screening Screening : bonke abantwana abasandul 'ukuzalwa kufuneka bavavanywe kwaye kufuneka bavavanywe ngethuba leenyanga ezintathu ubudala xa behluleka ukuvavanya iimvavanyo zabo zokuqala ukuze bafumane iinkonzo zokungenelela kwangaphambi kokuba babe neenyanga ezintandathu ukuba banalo ilahleko lokuphulaphula ngonaphakade.
Uvavanyo lweemvavanyo : abantwana kufuneka baqale ukufumana iimvavanyo zokuhlola iinjongo ezisemthethweni ekutyelelweni rhoqo ngonyaka kubantwana bezingane zabo xa beneminyaka emithathu ubudala. Ukuba ayingqinelani nolu vavanyo lokuqala lokuhlola i-vision, ootitshala bezingane baya kukhangela kwakhona kwiinyanga ezintandathu. Uvavanyo lovavanyo lweminyaka luyenziwa ngeminyaka emithandathu kwaye emva koko luye lucatshungulwe ngokuhlolwa kweengcipheko ezingekho phantsi kokusemthethweni kwimiba yombono wonk Abafana kufuneka babe nemvavanyo esemibonweni yemibono xa beneminyaka eyi-15 kunye ne-18 ubudala, kunye nokuhlolwa komngcipheko wombono ekuhloliseni kwabo ngonyaka.
I-WHO Growth Charts : I-CDC ne-AAP bancomela ukuba oogqirha bezilwanyana basebenzise i-World Health Organisation (WHO) iitshati zokukhula kubantwana abangaphantsi kweenyanga ezingama-24 ubudala, endaweni yeetshathi ze-CDC zokukhula. Iikhathala zokukhula kweCDC zingaqhubeka zisetyenziselwa abantwana nabaselula abaneminyaka emibini nangaphezulu. Iikhathalo zokukhula ze-WHO ziza kuba luncedo xa zihlolisisa iintsana ezincelisayo, ngamanye amaxesha zibonakala zifumana isisindo esingekho kakuhle kwiitshathi ze-CDC zokukhula, nangona zibethe kakuhle.

Ezinye iziNconywa zezilwanyana

Ezinye iziphakamiso zezilwanyana ezinikezelwe okanye ezikhutshwe yi-American Academy of Pediatrics ziquka iingxelo zomgaqo-nkqubo malunga:

Iimviwo zeeNkqubo zokuNgcwaba eziNgcaciso - i-AAP ixhasa ngokugqithiseleyo ukugonywa kwaye ixhasa iimfuno zokugonywa kwesikolo sokungena. I-AAP ayivumeli okanye iphakamise nayiphi na iishedyuli yokugonywa.
Ukhuhlane kunye neMithi Ekhohlakeleyo - abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emithandathu ubudala abanakuze banikezwe ngokugqithisileyo kunye nokunyanga kwamayeza.
Ukutyelela koDokotela wamazinyo okokuqala - kunokuba ngeenyanga ezili-6 ukuya kwezi-12 ubudala, ngokukodwa kubantwana abasemngciphekweni ophezulu wemithwalo, kuquka abo abaneemfuno zonyango ezikhethekileyo, oomama abanemizila emininzi, okanye ukuba sele benamakhanda, , okanye i-plaque buildup. Abantwana abalala nebhotile okanye abancinci ebusuku, banokwakhela abazalwana abakhulileyo, okanye kwiintsapho ezinomgangatho ophantsi wezentlalo, kufuneka babone ugqirha wamazinyo esemncinci. I-AAP ngoku ithi bonke abantwana kufuneka babone udokotela wamazinyo ngokuzalwa kwabo kokuqala.
Ukutyelela okokuqala kwiGynecologist - ngaphandle kokuba kukho enye inkcazo ye-speculum okanye uvavanyo lwe-bimanual, amantombazana amantombazana angakwazi ukulinda ukutyelela kokuqala kumntwana wesifo seminyaka emashumi amabini ananye ubudala, ixesha apho uvavanyo lokuqala lwep cetyiswa. Nangona ukuhlolwa kweplavic kuyadingeka ngexesha elidlulileyo, njengokuba kuqhutyelwa umfazi, ukuphuma kwamanzi ngokwesisu, okanye iimpawu ze-UTI kwintombazana esebenzayo ngokwesondo, njl., Uvavanyo lwesifo somntwana luyinto into eyenziwa ngumntwana wakho wezingane. I-American College of Obstetricians kunye ne-Gynecologists incomo ukuba "amantombazana kufuneka abe nohambo lwabo lokuqala lokubeletha phakathi kweminyaka eyi-13 neminyaka eyi-15.
I-Fluoride - iintsana zidinga i-fluoride eyongezelelweyo, ngokuqhelekileyo ukusuka kumanzi okupompoza amanzi, ukuqala xa iinyanga ezinithandathu ubudala.
IJaji yeZithelo - abantwana abaphakathi kweminyaka eli-6 kunye neminyaka emithandathu kufuneka banqunywe ngaphezu kweeyunithi ezine ukuya kweyesithandathu kwi- juice yesithelo nganye ngosuku, ngelixa abantwana abadala bebengabikho ngaphezu kwe-8 ukuya kwe-12 okanye ii-servings ngosuku. Iintsana ezineminyaka engaphantsi kweenyanga ezintandathu zifanelekanga ukuba zinejusi kunye nabantwana babo bonke ubudala kufuneka bakhuthazwe ukuba badle iziqhamo ezipheleleyo endaweni yokusela ijusi.
Ubisi - abantwana kufuneka batshintshe ubisi obuncinane xa beneminyaka emibili ubudala, nangona banokukwenza utshintsho kubisi oluncinci be-fat (kangangexesha lokusondeza) ukuba ukunyamezela sele kusele nkxalabo okanye ukuba kukho Imbali yentsapho yokukhuluphala, i-dyslipidemia, okanye isifo senhliziyo.
I-Pacifiers - ekubeni inganciphisa umngcipheko wengane ye-SIDS, umntwana unokunikwa i-pacifier xa uya kulala, nangona kufuneka ulibazise ukunika umntwana umntwana osisigxina kuze kube yinyanga enye kwaye uncelise kakuhle. Kwakhona, akufanele unyanzele umntwana wakho ukuba athathe i-pacifier, kwaye akufanele uvuselele umlomo wakho emlonyeni wakho umntwana xa elele.
I-SIDS - iintsana kufuneka zibekwe ukulala emhlane ukuze zinciphise ukunciphisa umngcipheko wabo we- SIDS .
Umsebenzi wezinto ezibonakalayo - abantwana kufuneka basebenze ubuncinane kwimimitha engama-60 ngosuku, kubandakanywa ukudlala kwamahhala (iminyaka engaphantsi kweyesithandathu), imidlalo ehlelweyo (kwiminyaka emithandathu ukuya kweyesithoba), kunye nokuqeqeshwa kwezemidlalo kunye nobunzima obunzima ) njengoko bekhula.
I-Vitamin D - abazali akufanele bathembele ekukhanyeni kwelanga ngenxa yeemfuno zabo ze-vitamin D zezingane. Abantwana abangenayo i-vitamin D eyaneleyo yokutya oku-vitamin D, okubandakanya ukubeletha kuphela iintsana kunye neentsana, kufuneka bafumane i- vitamin D eyongezelelweyo .
Linda-no-Bona- i-AAP ikhubaza abantwana besifo sokuthatha indlela yokulinda nokubona xa bevavanya iingxaki zentlalo zophuhliso, ngakumbi xa abazali bekhathazekile nge-autism.

> Imithombo:

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