Iziphakamiso ze-AAP zakutshanje

Ukususela kwizihlalo zeemoto ukuya kwiigcino, i-American Academy ye-Pediatrics ipapasha izikhokelo kunye neengcebiso ukunceda abazali ukuba bahlale bekhuselekileyo kwaye bephilile abantwana babo.

Enyanisweni, kukho isingqinisiso somgaqo-nkqubo we-AAP malunga nayo yonke into ebalulekileyo yebantwana.

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I-American Academy yaseNtshonalanga yezilwanyana Iingcebiso

Ngaba i-AAP inombono malunga nokuhlolwa kweziyobisi ezikolweni? Kanjalo. Ngelixa i-AAP yinkqubo yokuthintela ulwaphulo-mzimba kunye neenkqubo zokungenelela, zichasa "ukuphunyezwa ngokubanzi kokuhlolwa kweziyobisi njengendlela yokufikelela kwiinjongo zongenelelo lokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi ngenxa yokungabikho kobungqina bokusebenza kwayo." (IiNkqubo zoVavanyo lweeDrug kwiZikolo)

Kukho neengxelo zomgaqo-nkqubo ezijongene nokuqhawula imithi kubantwana, amaxesha okuqala esikolweni kunye nokulimala kwe-cheerleading.

Ukuqonda iingxelo zepolisi kunye nekhokelo ezivela kwi-AAP kunokukunceda wenze izigqibo ezilungileyo kubantwana bakho.

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Iigciwane kunye nokulandela iShedyuli yokuNgcotshwa

Iigonya ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yembali yezilwanyana. Akumangalisi, ngoku ezininzi izifo ezikhuselweyo zokugonya , ezifana ne-smallpox, imasese, i-polio, ne-diphtheria, njl njl

Ukongezelela ukupapasha ishedyuli yonyaka yokugonywa kunye neKomidi elicebisi malunga neZiko lokuNgcotshwa, i-American Academy ye-Family Physicians, ne-American College yezilwanyana zezilwanyana kunye nabaGynecologists, uMongameli we-American Academy of Pediatrics, uSandra, G. Hassink, MD, FAAP khuthaza ukuba:

• bonke abantwana "balandela ishedyuli yokugonywa lokunconywa"
• onke amalungu e-AAP "alandela ishedyuli yokugonywa evunyiweyo kwaye uncede ukufundisa iintsapho malunga nokukhusela nokusebenza kweentsholongwane zobuntwana"

UDkt. Hassink uthi kwakhona "ukunyanzeliswa kokubambezeleka okanye enye iishedyuli yokugonywa kwandisa ingozi kubo bonke abantwana." Le yimihlobo yeehedyuli zokukhusela i-vaccine ezingenasisigxina, ezikhethwe ngumzali eziye zachithwa nguDkt. Bob Sears, uDkt. Jay Gordon kunye nabanye abaninzi "abanezonyango".

Ngaba uyavuma ukuba ishedyuli engaqhelekanga yokugoma iphakamisa umngcipheko obonisa ukutshintsha kwimeko ye-AAP?

Kwimbiko ka-2005, "Ukuphendula Abazali Abanqatshelwe Ukugonywa Kwabantwana," i-AAP yacebisa ukuba oogqirha bezilwanyana bazama "ukuphepha ukukhupha izigulane kwizenzo zabo kuphela ngenxa yokuba umzali wenqaba ukugoma umntwana wakhe." Isicwangciso se-AAP sabazali bezilwanyana kunye nabazali abanomdla wokugonywa babelokhu "njengentlonelo, ukunxibelelana kunye nolwazi ekwakheni ixesha elifanelekileyo ubudlelwane bobuchule, abazali bangathanda ukucinga kwakhona ngokuchithwa kokugonya kwangaphambili."

Isicwangciso asizange sibe sesigqirha sabantwana ukuba baxelise ukwesaba umzali malunga neigciwane okanye nokuba negalelo kubo nangona kunjalo. Kwakungaze kuvulele ngokucacileyo nayiphi na into ngaphandle kweshedyuli yokugonywa. Oogqirha bezonyango ababa 'ukugonywa komzimba' okanye ukufumana izifo ezinobungozi, bakhuthaza abazali ukuba banqabise okanye balibazise iigonyana ezineenkxalabo malunga nabo, baye bancedisa ukuphazamiseka kwamanje kwezifo ezikhuselweyo zokugonya.

Esikhundleni sokwenza iishedyuli zabo zokugonywa okanye ukudubula izigulane, ootitshala bezilwanyana kufuneka bahlale bekulungele ukuphendula yonke inkolelo kunye neengcaciso ezingekho ngcaciso malunga nokunyuswa kwe-anti-vaccine yanamhlanje.

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Izikhokelo zokusondeza

Ukususela ngo-1997, isitatimende somgaqo-nkqubo we-AAP sithi:

• Ubisi lwabantu luyondlo olukhethiweyo kuzo zonke iintsana, kubandakanywa iintsana ezisandul
• Ukuncelisa i-Exclusive isisondlo sokutya kunye nokwaneleyo ukuxhasa ukukhula okuthe ngqo kunye nophuhliso malunga neenyanga zokuqala ezi-6 emva kokuzalwa.
• Kunconywa ukuba ukuncelisa isifuba kuqhubeka ubuncinane kweenyanga ezili-12, kwaye emva koko ngokude kunqwenela.

Ingxelo yamuva yomgaqo-nkqubo, "Ukunxiliswa kunye nokusetyenziswa koMlambo wabantu," epapashwa ngo-2012, iqinisa ingcamango yokuba "Ukunikezelwa kwexesha elifutshane kunye nexesha elide lokuxilisa, ukunyamekelwa kwabantwana kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo kwimpilo yomphakathi kunye ayikho kuphela indlela yokuphila. "

Emva koko, "ukuncelisa kunye nobisi lomntu yimiqathango yokulinganisa ukusondeza abantwana kunye nokutya."

Ukuxhasa ukondla ngokunyanga nokunyusa amazinga okuncelisa, i-AAP iphinde ivume i-WHO / UNICEF Isisathiso esineNtsebenzo sokuPhuzisa okuPhumeleleyo kwaye iyakhuthaza:

• ukuncelisa iinyanga ezi-6
• Uncedisa oomama abatsha ngokukhawuleza emva kokuziswa
• ukunikela ngokungekho mfuneko yonyango olungenasidingo kwixesha elitsha
• ukuvavanya ngokusemthethweni kwenkqubo yokuncelisa unyango ngamnye kunyango xa esesibhedlele emva kokuba umntwana azalwe ukuba abhale iimeko ezifanelekileyo kunye ne-latch, njl njl.
• Ukuphepha ukusetyenziswa kwe-pacifier kude kube iintsana malunga ne-3 ukuya kwi-4 iiveki ubudala kunye nokunyamekela
• ukuba iintsana kufuneka zilale eduze koomama

Ingxelo yeklinikhi ye-AAP kwi "Ukuxilonga kunye nokukhusela ukuNqongophala kweNtsalane kunye ne-Anemia ye-Iron-deficiency kwi-Child and Young Children" iphakamisa ukuba abantwana abancinci bebele baxhaswa ngetsimbi yomlomo baze baqale ukutya ukutya okunesidanga esinexesha elide kwi-4 ukuya ku-6 zinyanga.

I-Vitamin D ikwacetyiswa kuphela kwiintsana ezincelisayo.

Gcina ukhumbule ukuba iifom zonyango ezondla abantwana nazo zongezelelwa nge-vitamin D kunye neyinyithi - yongezwa kwifom yabo, ngaphezu kwezinto ezininzi ezibandakanya ubisi lwebele.

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Autism Screening

Ingxelo-nkqubo ka-2007 ye-AAP "Ukuchonga nokuVavanya kwabantwana abane-Autism Disecters Disorders," kubalule ukuba "kubalulekile ukuba oogqirha bezingane bakwazi ukuqonda iimpawu kunye neempawu zeengxaki ze-autism kunye necebo lokubavavanya ngokufanelekileyo."

Icandelo lelo qhinga kufuneka liqhube uphononongo kwaye lilawulwe ngokuqhelekileyo i-autism i-disorder i-disorder tool tooling screening kwi-18 kunye no-24 inyanga yokuhlola abantwana kakuhle. Oku kungaphezulu kokuqhuba "uphando ngexesha lokutyelela umntwana ngamnye," ekhangele " iiflegi ezibomvu zangaphambili ezibonakalayo ezibonisa ukuba kungenzeka i-ASD."

Xa iziphumo zichanekileyo okanye ngokuphathelele, ootitshala bezilwanyana kufuneka:

• kunika abazali ngemfundo malunga ne-autism
• thumela umntwana ngokubanzi ukuhlolwa kwengxaki ye-autism
• thumela umntwana ngokungenelela kwangaphambili / iinkonzo zemfundo yobuntwaneni
• thumela umntwana ngokuvavanya i-audiologic
• cwangcisa uhambo lokulandelela

Okubaluleke kakhulu, ootitshala bezingane akufanele bathathe indlela "yokulinda neyokubona" ​​ukuba umntwana unemiphumo emihle yeskrini okanye ezimbini okanye ezinye izinto ezinobungozi obuhle, ezinokubandakanya ukuba nomntwana okanye umzali, omnye umxhasi, okanye unobantwana echaphazelekayo ngomntwana.

I-M-CHAT isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo nge-autism yoluhlu lokuhlola uluhlu olwenziwa ngabahlengikazi abaninzi.

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Iingcebiso kwiihlalo zeeKarim

Ingxelo yomgaqo-nkqubo ka-2011 ethi "Ukukhuselwa kwabaThengi kwabantwana" ihlaziywe iingcebiso ze-AAP malunga nendlela abantwana abafanele bahambe ngayo ngokukhuselekileyo emotweni, kubandakanywa ukuba kufuneka bagibele:

• kwisitulo esibheke emva kweemoto ukuya kwiminyaka engama-2 (isitulo kuphela esisezintsaneni okanye isihlalo esibhekene nevili esibheke phambili)
• kwisitulo esibheke phambili esibheke imoto ngokusebenzisa ubuncinane ubuneminyaka engama-4 ubudala, nangona abantwana bafanele bahlale esihlalweni semoto kunye ne-harness "ixesha elide kunokwenzeka, ukufikelela kwisisindo esiphakeme okanye ukuphakama okuvunyelwe ngumenzi." (ukuguqulwa okubhekiselele phambili okanye ukudibanisa imoto)
• kwisihlalo sokuxhaswa kwebhanti kwi minyaka engama-8 ukuya kwe-12, xa ziba malunga nee-intshi ezingama-9 ubude, kwaye iibhanti zokuhlala ziyakwazi ukuhambelana ngokufanelekileyo
• usebenzisa i-belt seat and shoulder-seat belt xa sele bekhulile isihlalo sabo sokuxhaswa, xa "inxalenye yecala yebhanti ifanele ifakwe phantsi ngaphantsi kweenqeni kunye nentsimbi, kwaye inxalenye yesigxina ifanele ifakwe phakathi kweplanga kunye nesifuba xa Umntwana uhlala kunye nomva wakhe kwisihlalo sithuthi.
• kwisitulo sangasemva kwabaneminyaka engama-13 ubudala

Nangona abazali behlala begxila kwi-brand xa bethenga isihlalo semoto, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba "zonke izitulo zeemoto ezilinganiswe yi-NHTSA zidibana neMigangatho yoKhuseleko ye-Federal kunye nemigangatho yokusebenza engqongqo." Ezinye zilula ukuzisebenzisa kunezinye, nangona kunjalo, ezinokuthi zibandakanyeke kwisihlalo somoto othengayo.

Okona kubaluleke kakhulu, thengisa isihlalo somoto esineminyaka yobudala nobungakanani obufanelekayo kumntwana wakho, ehambelana nemoto yakho, kwaye kulula ukuba ufake kwaye usebenzise.

Kwakhona ukhumbule ukuba akukho minyaka epheleleyo apho kufuneka utshintshe izihlalo. Ezi zikhokelo, azikho izihlandlo. Ngoko akusoloko ufanele utshintshe umntwana wakho emva kwebhedi elijongene nelo elibhekise phambili eliseminyakeni emi-2 ubudala.

Cinga ukuba ubudala bomntwana nobungakanani bakho xa ucinga malunga nesihlalo sothutho esona sihle kwaye sikhuselekile. Ngokomzekelo, umntwana omncinci angase ahlale kwisihlalo esibhekene nesimo semoto ade aneminyaka engama-3 ubudala, i-car-seat front-seat kuze kube yilapho eneminyaka engama-7 ubudala, kunye nesitulo esiphakamisayo kude kube neminyaka eyi-12 ubudala. ubudala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezinye izingane ezinkulu zikulungele ukuba zilungele ukuhlala kwisihlalo seemoto ezineminyaka eyi-12 ubudala, isihlalo esixhasayo kwiminyaka engama-4 ubudala, kunye neebhanti zokuhlala kwi-8 ubudala.

I-Dennis Durbin, MD, i-FAAP, umbhali okhokelayo wesitatimende somgaqo-nkqubo kunye neengxelo zezobugcisa zihamba phambili zithi "Abazali bahlala bekulangazelela phambili ukusukela kwinqanaba elinye ukuya kutsho, kodwa oku kuguquka ngokuqhelekileyo kulibaziseka kude kube yinto efunekayo, xa umntwana epheleleyo iphuma kwimida yesigaba sayo sangoku. "

Gcina abantwana bakho bekhuselekile xa bekhwele kwimoto. Qinisekisa ukuba basesikhundleni esifanelekileyo esifakwe ngokufanelekileyo rhoqo xa behamba emotweni.

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Imithetho yokuQala iziNtsana zeeNtsana

"Kwiinyanga ezi-6 zokuqala, amanzi, ijusi, kunye nokunye ukutya akudingekile kwiintsana ezincelisayo."

Ukwethulwa kokuthotyelwa kokutya okuzinzileyo okwenziwe nge-iron kwinqanaba elinesibini lonyaka wokuqala kufuneka luthandise ubisi lwebele.

Ukutya kwintsana yokusela imfesane yomntwana .

"Imithetho" yexesha kunye nendlela yokuqalisa ukutya okuqinileyo njengenxalenye yeshedyuli yesondlo sabantwana yakho yatshintshile kakhulu kwiminyaka nangona kunjalo.

Ingxelo yesiganeko se-AAP kwi-"I-Diagnosis kunye nokukhusela ukuNqongophala kweNtsalane kunye ne-Anemia ye-Iron-deficiency kwi-Child and Young" iphakamisa ukuba "ukuqaliswa kokutya okuncedisayo kwintsimbi emva kweenyanga ezi-4 ukuya kwezi-6" kunokunceda ukudibana nentsimbi yesana iimfuno kunye nokuba "xa iintsana zinikwa ukutya okuncedisayo, inyama ebomvu nemifuno enomxholo ophezulu wesinyithi kufuneka ifakwe ekuqaleni."

Iitrali eziqingqiweyo zezityalo ziyizona ndlela ezifanelekileyo zokuncedisa iimfuno zakho zentsana zensimbi kule minyaka.

Kuthiwani ngokuphepha ukutya 'kokutya kokutya' kunye neminye imithetho yokuqala isisisi?

Ngokubanzi, ingxelo yekliniki ka-2008 evela kwi-AAP, "Iimpembelelo zoNyathelo lokuqala lweZondlo malunga nokuPhuhliswa kwezifo zeNtlungu kwiintsana nabantwana: Inxaxheba yoMthintelo wezondlo zoMama, ukuNxiliswa, ukuHlanywa kweNkcazo yeZokutya eziPheleleyo, kunye neFommently form," ezininzi iingcebiso. Baphetha ukuba akukho bungqina bokuba "ukulibaziseka ukuqaliswa kokutya okubhekwa njengento enamandla kakhulu, njengeentlanzi, amaqanda, kunye nokutya okuqulethe iprotheni yeprotein" kunokukhusela umntwana ekuhlaleni isifo se-atopic.

Ngaba ngaba kukho imigaqo yokondla iintsana ngoku?

Ngokuqinisekileyo zikhona kwaye ziquka ukuba:

• qalisa ukutya okuqinileyo xa umntwana wakho eneenyanga ezi-4 ukuya kwezi-6
• Ukutya okuqinileyo kunye nomxholo ophezulu wesinyithi, kubandakanywa ukutya okusanqwenela kwintsimbi, inyama ebomvu, kunye nemifuno (ubhontshisi obuluhlaza, iifolo, nesipinashi, njl.
• unike umntwana wakho oswini olumbele i-vitamin enesinyithi ukususela kwiinyanga ezi-4 ubudala ukuya kudla ukutya rhoqo umntwana kunye nentsimbi nganye ngosuku
• ugweme ukutya okuphazamisayo - khumbula ukuba ukunikezela intsana okanye ukutya komntwana okuqulethe kwiprotheni 'akuthethi ukuba umnike amancinci kwaye unike inyama ebomvu akuthethi ukuba unike isiqwenga se-steak efuna ukuyihlafuna.
• ukuba ukusela ifom, ungatshintshi ubisi lweenkomo ade umntwana wakho ubuncinane ubuncinane beenyanga ezili-12
• xa kuyimfuneko, nikela kuphela ukuya ku-4 ukuya kwi-6 oz ye-100% yesiphumo sesiphumo kwendebe xa umntwana wakho uneminyaka engama-6 ubudala (gcina ingqalelo ukuba oku ngaphezulu komda kwaye awuyiyo imali ephakanyisiweyo imihla ngemihla - abaninzi abantwana abayidingi ijusi)
• unikeze ngamanzi athile amachiza amachiza ngosuku olususela kwiinyanga ezili-6
• qala ukutya kokutya komnwe kunye nokutya kwetafile xa umntwana wakho enokuhlala kakuhle kakuhle kwaye ngokulula ukuthabatha izinto ezincinci, izicucu ezincinci zokupheka kunye nokucoca

Kutheni uqala malunga neenyanga ezi- 4 ukuya kwezi- 6 ?

Ngokuqhelekileyo malunga nexesha apho ininzi iintsana zikulungele ukuphucula ukutya okuqinileyo.

Ingane yakho isaphinda iphindwe kabini?

Ingaba ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwekhanda xa uhleli?

Kwaye akabonakali anelisekile ngesifuba okanye i-formula?

Emva kokuba ucinga ukuba umntwana wakho ulungele, umbuzo omkhulu olandelayo uza kuba yintoni ukutya okuqinileyo okuza kuqala. Ngaba uya kuba yindabuko kwaye uqale nge-cereal ye-rice ene-iron-enqamlekileyo okanye ingabe uya kunika i-grand-heart intleko kwaye uqale ngesiqhamo okanye inyama?

Okumangalisa kukuba, akunandaba. Nangona abazali abaninzi befuna ukuqala ngqolowa baze batyelele kwimifuno, iziqhamo, kunye nezidlo zokugqibela, unokukhetha naluphi na umyalelo, nje kuphela xa umntwana wakho efumana ukuxuba okulungileyo kwezityebi ezinotye.

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Ukutyelela koMntwana wakho wokuqala

Ukongeza kokufunda ngokumomotheka komntwana wakho wokuqala, amagama okuqala, kunye namanyathelo okuqala, udokotela wakho wezilwanyana uya kubandakanyeka ngokuthe ngqo nakwezinye izinto zokuqala ukugcina umntwana wakho enempilo.

Khumbula ukuba ukutyelela kokuqala kwiNkulisa yabantwana ngokuqhelekileyo ngexesha lokuba li-3 ukuya kweyimihla emihlanu ubudala, kuxhomekeke ekukhawulezeni ukuba bakhululwe esibhedlele. Ukongezelela kwisheke se-jaundice , ukutyelela okokuqala kunokuncedisa ugqirha wezingane ukuba ubuyekeze kakuhle ukuba umntwana wakho uyondla njani kwaye ufumane ubunzima, okanye ubuncinane ungaphumeleli ubunzima obukhulu.

Ezinye izinto zokuqala kumntwana wakho kufuneka zi:

• intsana yakho ine-hematocrit okanye i-hemoglobin ihlolisise kwiinyanga ezili-12 ukuvavanya ukungenwa kwe-anemia
• Umncinci wakho unesicatshulwa somzimba esilinganiselwe kwiminyaka emibili ukuvavanya ukukhuluphala komntwana
• Umfundi wakho oneminyaka engama-1 ubudala uvavanyo lokuhlola iliso lokuqala ngeminyaka emithathu
• Umfundi wakho wokufundela unesixinzelelo segazi uhlolwe okokuqala ngeminyaka emithathu
• Umfundi wakho oneminyaka eyi-1 ubudala uvavanywa okokuqala ngethuba leminyaka emine

Kwaye Ukutyelela kokuqala kwidokotela wamazinyo kufuneka kube ngumnyaka oneminyaka eli-1 ubudala. Nangona abanye abazali, kunye nabanye basapho bamazinyo, bacinga ukuba oku kusasa kakhulu, khumbula ukuba ingxelo ye-AAP ye-2014, "Ukugcina nokuphucula iMpilo Yomlomo yabantwana abaselula," ithi "ukuthunyelwa kwangaphambili kumboneleli wamazinyo , kukho ithuba lokugcina impilo emilonyeni emihle , ukukhusela izifo, nokuphatha izifo zakuqala. "

Ukutyelela okokuqala kwi-Gynecologist kufanele ukuba xa udokotela wakho wezilwanyana eqonda "ukungavumelekanga okubhekiselele ekudluliselwe kwintsholongwane yezilwanyana," njengabantwana abaninzi ("Ukuhlolwa kweGynecologic for Adolescents in the Pediatrician Office Setting") banomuvo wokuthi "ngokulondoloza ngokufanelekileyo kwi-gynecologist, ininzi Imiba yesifo seengxaki zonyango ingalawulwa yiklinikhi kwindawo yokugcina iofisi. " I-American College of Obstetricians kunye ne-Gynecologists incomo ukuba "amantombazana kufuneka abe nohambo lwabo lokuqala lokubeletha phakathi kweminyaka eyi-13 neminyaka eyi-15." Nangona kunjalo, uvavanyo lokuqala lwe-pelvic aluyikuba intombazana iqhube ngokwesondo okanye igazi elingavamile, njl. Uvavanyo lokuqala lwePap aluqhelekanga de kube yiminyaka engama-21 ubudala.

Ukutyelela kokuqala kumntwana ongeyena umntwana kufuneka ukuba xa umntwana wakho osemdala ephakathi kweminyaka eyi-18 neye-21. Nangona "ukutshintshwa kwinkathalo yempilo yabantwana ukuya kwiindawo ezindala" kuxhomekeka kwizinto ezininzi, kubalulekile ukukhumbula engqondweni yokuba abaninzi abantwana beqhubeka bebona abatsha abadala kunye nabanye abantu abaselula, ngakumbi ukuba babe nolwalamano olude kunye kubo.

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Imidlalo Yolutsha kunye nokuzivocavoca

I-AAP ineengxelo ezininzi zomgaqo-nkqubo zokuncedisa abazali kunye nokukhuthaza abantwana ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwimidlalo ehleliweyo, ukuba basebenze ngokwenyama, kodwa bangahambi kakhulu.

Phakathi kweziphakamiso kukuba:

• imidlalo ehleliweyo akufanele ithathe indawo yokudlala yamahhala
• abantwana abancinci "kufuneka bakuphephe ukuqeqeshwa kwezemidlalo kwangaphambili" kwaye abantwana kufuneka babe "bakhuthazwe ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwimisebenzi eyahlukileyo eyahlukeneyo kwaye baphuhlise ubuninzi bezakhono"

Izingane zifuna ukuba zisebenze ngokwenyama .

Inkcazo yomgaqo-2006, "Ukuphila okunempilo ekhuselekileyo: Ukuthintela Ubunzima Bomntwana Ngokunyusa Umsebenzi Wokwenyama," wacebisa ukuba:

Umsebenzi wokwenyama ufanele ukhuthazwe ekhaya, kuluntu, nasesikolweni ...

Ukususela ekukhuthazeni abancinci ukuba badlale ngaphandle kwaye bahambe ngokuhamba kunye nemidlalo yokudibanisa kunye nokudlala kwamahhala abantwana basesikolweni esiphakathi kwezemidlalo kwimidlalo yolutsha olukhuphisanayo nonokukhuphisana nabantwana abadala, imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yomzimba ibalulekile. Enyanisweni, iingcaphephe zincoma ukuba abantwana kunye nentsha kufuneka bathathe inxaxheba ekusebenziseni ubunzima obunokulinganisela okungenani imizuzu engama-60 ngosuku.

Ukugwema ukulimala kwezemidlalo nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba abaqeqeshi, abazali nabadlali baqaphele kwaye banqande:

• ukugxininiswa kobushushu - ngokugxininisa kubafundi banikezwa amandla oku "ngokuthe ngcembe kunye nokuzilungelelanisa ngokuzimela kwimeko yesandulela, ukubandakanyeka kwezemidlalo, okanye enye into eyenziwa yintshukumo ngokufudumala ngokuhambelana nokuhambelana nokuqhubekayo" kwaye "okwaneleyo, ucoceko, kwaye ufanelekileyo kufuneka ifikeleleke kwaye ifumaneke ngokukhawuleza phambi kwexesha, ngexesha, nangemva kwayo yonke inxaxheba yemidlalo kunye neminye imisebenzi yomzimba yokukhupha ilahleko yokulahleka nokugcina amanzi okwaneleyo ngelixa uphepha ukusela ngokweqile. "
• iingqungquthela - wonke umntu uyaqonda ukuba "abagijimi abaneenkcaso kufuneka baphumle, bobabini ngokwenyama nangokwazi, kude kube yilapho iimpawu zabo zixazululwe kokubili kunye nokuzikhandla" kwaye "akufanele zibuyiselwe ukudlala ngosuku olufanayo lweengxubusho, nokuba ziba zizinzi. "
• Ukulimala ngokugqithiseleyo-kuquka ukulimala , ukuvalelwa kwesithende, isifo se-Osgood-Schlatter, njl njl.

Ziyasebenza kangakanani abantwana bakho?

9 -

Impilo yomlomo

Kwisitatimende somgaqo-nkqubo, "Ukugcina nokuphucula iMpilo yoMlomo yabantwana abancinci," eyakhishwe ngoDisemba 2014, i-AAP icebisa ukuba abazali balandele le miqhuba amazinyo aphilileyo :

• Qalisa ukuxubha amazinyo omntwana kabini ngosuku ngokukhawuleza xa befumana, ukuqala nge-smear okanye ingqolowa-i-rice ngokwexabiso lokunyuka kwamazinyo kunye nokunyuka ukuya kwinani elincinci le-spororide toothpaste ngeminyaka emithathu ubudala
• cwangcisa ukutyelela kokuqala kudokotela wamazinyo kunye nomntwana wabo (babe nekhaya lamazinyo) ngokuzalwa kwabo kokuqala
• qalisa ukubetha xa amazinyo asondelelene kunye kwaye awukwazi ukuwabetha phakathi kwabo kakuhle
• ukunceda okanye ukubeka ilanga abantwana babo bexubusha kude kube beminyaka engama-8 ubudala
• khawucinge ukuba unamazinyo asebenzisa i-fluoride varnish okanye i-sealant if i-child yakho ingengozini enkulu yokufumana imithwalo

Ngelishwa, izigubhu (amazinyo ezinamazinyo) ziqhelekile kwiintsana. Kuqikelelwa ukuba i-24% yabantwana abaselula kunye nabantwana abasesikolweni kunye nesiqingatha sezingane ezindala zinemithwalo.

Ukukunceda ukukhusela izibonda , ngaphezu kweengcebiso ezingentla, i-AAP iphinda ikhuthaze ukuba abantwana:

• uncelise
• kufuneka ukuba iigums zabo zihlambuluke, nangaphambi kokuba zifumane amazinyo, ngesitya sokuhlamba elincinci okanye intsholongwane yamazinyo emancinci kunye namanzi ngosuku
• Ukuphepha ukulala kunye nebhotile uze uphulelwe kwiibhotile ngokuzalwa kwawo wokuqala
• ukusela amanzi okupompoza emkhatsini wokutya kunye nokunciphisa ukutya okuneswekile kunye neziphuzo ngexesha lokutya
• ukukhawulela i- juice ye-fruit juice ukuya kwi-4 ukuya kwi-6 ii-ounces ngosuku kwaye ukhuphe ezinye iziphuzo ngeeshukela ezongezelelweyo
• qhubeka ufumana udokotela wamazinyo rhoqo kwiinyanga ezintandathu

Ukhuseleko lwabantwana luyinxalenye yempilo yomlomo. Ukuthintela ukulimala kwamazinyo, i-AAP icebisa ukuba abazali baxubise iingongoma ezibukhali zeempahla zendlu kwinqanaba lokuhamba ezincinci, baqinisekise ukusetyenziswa kwezihlalo zokuphepha kweemoto, kwaye baqaphele ingozi yombane yokulimala komlomo. " Ukutyelela kwangaphambili kwintsholongwane yamazinyo kunokukunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba unesicwangciso esilungele ukuphazamiseka kweengxaki zentlungu.

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Ubunzima Ubuntwana

Kwingxoxo yepaneli ye-1957 ngo-"Ukunyaniseka kwindlela yokuSebenza kwezilwanyana," abathathi-nxaxheba bathi "ukunyamezela kwiminyaka yokufundela kuyinto engavamile." Kwaye baphawula ukuba nangona xa "abantwana abanomdla" bebeka amanqatha amaninzi okwexesha le sikolo, abaninzi babo "baya kuphuphuma ngokunyaniseka kwabo kwaye baphumele njengabantu abadala abaselula."

Zininzi zatshintshile ukususela ngowe-1950.

Phakathi kwabo kukuba ukunyanya komntwana ngoku "kubonisa ingozi ecacileyo nekhoyo yangoku kwimpilo yabantwana kunye nentsha." Kakade, akuzange kwenzeke ngobusuku.

Ukunceda ukuguqula umgangatho, i-AAP icebisa ukuba:

• Ootitshala bezingane bacela ukuba ixesha elingakanani ngosuku abantwana abasebenzisa ngayo imidiya yesikrini - akufanele ibe ngaphezu kwama-2 iiyure ngosuku kunye nexesha leskrini kufuneka likhutshwe bonke abantwana kunye nabantwana abaselula abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-2
• Ootitshala bezingane bacela ukuba abantwana banomdlalo weTV okanye abangenakuvinjelwa, ukungena kwi- intanethi engabonakaliyo kwindlu nasendlini yokulala yabantwana - abantwana abafanele babe neTV okanye ukungena kwi-intanethi kwigumbi labo lokulala, kufuneka bafumaneke imidiya yesikrini, co coca)
• abantwana banokusebenza okungenani imizuzu engama-60 ngalunye ngosuku - kufuneka baqulunqwe ( umdlalo wamahhala ), kumnandi, kunye nemisebenzi emininzi, kodwa akufuneki ukuba bonke
• abantwana banamaqela e-PE ngosuku
• abantwana bahlala ixesha elide
• Abazali "bakhuthaza iipatheni zokutya ezinempilo ngokunikela ukutya okunesondlo, ezifana nemifuno neziqhamo , ukutya okunxilisayo kwe-milk , kunye neengqolowa ezipheleleyo ; ukukhuthaza ukuzimela kwabantwana ekuziphatheni kokutya kokutya nokubeka imida efanelekileyo ekukhethweni;

Abantwana nabo kufuneka babe ne-BMI yabo yokucwangcisa ekuhloleni umntwana ngamnye, ngaphezu kokurekhoda inani lemisebenzi eyenziwa ngumzimba kunye nenani lexesha abachithayo kwimisebenzi engeyiyo yenyama.

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Ukubeka Imimiselo yeSkrini

Abazali bahlala bekhalaza ukuba abantwana babo babheka i- TV kakhulu kwaye bachitha ixesha elide kakhulu phambi kweesikrini, lonke ixesha bawanikezela ngokubanzi ukufikelela kwezi zixhobo.

Ziziphi iingcebiso ze-AAP malunga nemingcele yesikrini? Ngomgaqo-nkqubo we-2013 othi "Abantwana, i-Adolescents, kunye neMidiya," i-AAP ikhuthaze ukuba:

• Iintsana kunye nabancinci abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-2 kufuneka badikibala ukuba babe naliphi ixesha lesikrini
• Abantwana abaneminyaka engama-2 ubudala ubudala banokungaphelelanga kwixesha eliphantsi kweeyure ezi-1 ukuya kwezi-2 zexesha lokuzonwabisa kwesikrini kwintsuku nganye
• Izixhobo zecomputer, kuquka i-TV, i-iPad, ikhompyutheni okanye i-console yemidlalo yevidiyo (i-Xbox, i-PlayStation, okanye i-Wii), njl., kufuneka igcinwe ngaphandle kwekamelo lomntwana kwaye akufanele isetyenziswe ngexesha lokutya okanye emva kokulala
• Abazali bafanele bajonge oko abantwana babo ababukeleyo kwaye badlala kwizikrini zabo

Okumangalisa kukuba, njengamaninzi kuthi sisebenze ukukhawulela ixesha lesikrini ekhaya, abantwana babonakala befumana ixesha elingaphezulu kwesikrini esikolweni. Ingakanani ixesha lokujonga abantwana bakho esikolweni? Benza ntoni kwezo zikrini?

I-AAP ixhasa kwakhona:

• imimiselo eqinile yokunciphisa ukuthengiswa kokutya okukhawulezileyo kunye nokutya okungenamsoco kubantwana
• imithetho emitsha eyayingavimbela ukuthengiswa kotywala kwiTV
• ukwenza ama-movie angabikho umsi
• ukwandisa umxholo wemidiya kunye nokunciphisa umxholo onokuyingozi, njengobundlobongela kunye nabalinganiswa abaselayo okanye abomileyo

Ingaba intsapho yakho idinga ukutya kweendaba?

12 -

IBroncholitis ne-RSV

Nangona abazali abaninzi bengayazi i-bronchiolitis, bayazi nge-RSV, intsholongwane edlalayo.

Ngokungafani nebandayo, isifo esiphezulu sokuphefumula, i-bronchiolitis yintsholongwane ephantsi yokuphefumula. Ngokuqhelekileyo kubangelwa yintsholongwane ye-syncytial virus (RSV) kunye nezinye izifo zentsholongwane, ngokuqhelekileyo ekupheleni kwebusika nasekuseni kwentwasahlobo.

Ngokufanayo nebandayo, abantwana abane-bronchiolitis banokuba neempumlo kunye nekhwehlo, kodwa banokukhula nokuphefumla nzima. Zizo zimbonakaliso eziphantsi zokuphefumula kunye neempawu ngezinye izihlandlo ezikhokelela kwiintsana ezine-bronchiolitis ezidinga ukulaliswa esibhedlele, ingakumbi abo bahlala kwinyanga enye okanye ezimbini.

Nangona i-RSV kunye ne-bronchiolitis ibonakala iyatshitshisa abazali abaninzi, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba kwiqela elijongene nobungozi, iintsana kunye neentsana ezincinane, kuphela i-3% ekuphela kwayo efuna ukuhlala esibhedlele. Kwaye iirhafu zezibhedlele ziphantsi kakhulu kwiintsana kunye nabantwana abadala.

Ukuba umntwana wakho ufumana i-bronchiolitis, i-AAP ineziphakamiso ezishicilelwe kwinyanga kaNovemba 2014 ye- Pediatrics , kubandakanywa nokuba:

• Uninzi lwabantwana abane-bronchiolitis alufuneki rhoqo iimvavanyo zelabhu okanye ii-xrays. I-brronchiolitis kufuneka ihlolwe ngokusekelwe kwimbali yomntwana yeempawu kunye nokuhlolwa komzimba. Uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo ukuze ubone ukuba umntwana unayo i-RSV ayikwacetyiswa kwakhona.
• I-Albuterol ayilona unyango olucetyiswayo lwe-bronchiolitis. Oogqirha basebenzisa i-albuterol unyango lokuphefumla kwiintsana ezine-bronchiolitis, kwaye ukuba kwakubonakala kunceda, ke uqhubeke. Isilingo se-albuterol asisayi kucetyiswa okanye sicinga ukuba sinceda.
• Olunye unyango olungaqulunqwa luquka i-epinephrine, i-nebulazed hypertonic saline (ngaphandle kokuba umntwana ekhulelwe esibhedlele), i-steroids, i-physiotherapy yesifuba (CPT), i-oxygen ukuba ukuzaliswa kungaphezulu kwe-90%, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwe-pulse oximetry.

Iinqununu ezintsha zatshintshela iingcebiso zokusebenzisa i-Synagis, injini yenyanga engayinceda ukukhusela i-RSV kwiintsana ezingaphambi kwexesha. Ngoku kuyacetyiswa ukuba i-Synagis isetyenziswe kuphela kwiintsana ezazalelwa ngaphambi kweveki ezingama-29, ngaphandle kokuba zinezifo ezingapheliyo okanye izifo zentliziyo.

13 -

Iodine yoMama oMama

Ngomgaqo-nkqubo wango-2014, "Ulwaphulo lwe-iodine, iiKhemikhali ezingcolileyo kunye ne-Thyroid: Ulwazi olutsha kwiNgxaki enkulu," i-AAP icebisa ukuba abafazi abakhulelweyo nabancelisayo :

• uthathe isongezelelo kunye ne-iodide eyaneleyo-ubuncinane 150 μg ye-iodide
• ukukhusela ukungena kwi-nitrate engaphezulu kwamanzi okusela (inokuba yingxaki ngamanzi aphezulu) kunye nemifuno eninzi ephezulu ye-nitrate (ininzi imifuno nemifuno), kuquka i-celery, i-lettuce, isipinashi, i-carrots, i-beet, njl njl.
• ukuphepha ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-thiocyanate ngokungafuni ukutshaya nokugwema ukutshaya umsi, kwaye ungadli imifuno emikhulu yemifuno, ngokukodwa xa kuluhlaza, kubandakanywa iklabishi, i-turnips, i-broccoli, i-sproutes, ne-sproutes, njl.
• sebenzisa ityuwa yetafile e-iodized

Nangona abafazi abakhulelweyo kufuneka baqaphele imbambano, i-AAP ithi "bambalwa badla imifuno enqabileyo, enamagqabi okanye imifuno enemizila yokuba le mithombo ibe yinkxalabo."

Nangona itheyibhile ityuwa eUnited States sele iqinisekiswe iodode (ukususela ngo-1924), abantu abaninzi bayothuka xa befunda ukuba:

• Uninzi lweenqanawa zoLwandle lwentyuwa alukho iodidi (eziqingqiweyo nge-iodine)
• Iityuwa zengxowa ayikho iodidi
• Ukutya okucutshungulwayo kwenziwe ngetyuwa engekho
• ityuwa yetyuwa ayinakuqiniswa nge-iodine kuwo onke amazwe, ngakumbi iYurophu, apho ubisi, iswekile, kunye neoli yokupheka, njl.

Okona kubaluleke kakhulu, gcinani engqondweni ukuba ukutya okumbalwa kungokwemvelo kwimithombo ye-iodine, kodwa ingabandakanya ukutya kwezilwanyana zaselwandle, i-shellfish kunye nolwandle. Umxholo we-iodine wokutya uxhomekeke apho babanjwe khona okanye bakhulile, nangona umxholo we-iodine wamanzi olwandle kunye nomhlaba uhluka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Imithombo yokutya enkulu kakhulu yileyo echanekileyo ngokuchanekileyo nge-iodine okanye echaphazelekayo ukusetyenziswa kokutya kwezilwanyana (i-meat and milk products).

I-American Thyroid Association iphinda icebise ukuba abafazi abakhulelweyo nabancengayo bathathe isongezelelo nge-iodide eyaneleyo.

14 -

I-Calcium kunye neVithamini D yeeMpawu zeMpilo

Ngaba abantwana bakho basebenzela ukwakha amathambo enempilo xa bekhulile?

Ngaba bafumana i-calcium ngokwaneleyo kunye ne-vitamin D ekudleni kwabo?

Ingaba baninzi ubunzima bokuzimela kunye nemisebenzi?

Ingaba zikhona naziphi izimo zonyango ezingapheliyo okanye zithathe nawaphi na amachiza anokubangela ukunciphisa ubunzima beethambo kubantwana nakwishumi?

Ingxelo yeKlinikhi ye-AAP ka-2014 "Ukuphucula iMpilo yeThambo kwi-Children and Adolescents," icebisa ukuba oogqirha bezingane:

• Buza ukuba abantwana bakho bafumana i-calcium eyaneleyo kunye ne-vitamin D ekudleni (imveliso yobisi kunye nemithombo ye-nondairy) okanye i-supplementary, ukusela kakhulu i-soda, nokufumana umzimba owaneleyo, ngokukodwa kwiminyaka emithathu, iminyaka engama-9, kunye nokuvakana komntwana osemtsha.
• Khuthaza abantwana ukuba bafumane i-calcium eyaneleyo kunye ne-vithamini D equkethe ukutya kunye neziphuzo ekudleni kwabo imihla ngemihla.
• Khuthaza abantwana ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwimisebenzi enzima, kuquka ukuhamba, ukuxuma, nokudanisa, njl.

• Ungazijonga rhoqo amazinga e-vitamin D kubo bonke abantwana abasempilweni.

Ukuba abantwana bakho abayithandiyo okanye abanako ukusela ubisi, kukho imithombo eninzi ye-calcium kunye ne-vitamin D enokuyicinga ukuba uncede abantwana bakho babe namathambo enempilo. Kwaye ekubeni "malunga nama-40% ukuya kuma-60% omntu omdala wesithambo unyakala ngexesha leminyaka eliselula," akuyona into yokuyeka ixesha elide.

15 -

I-Vitamin D yokuNyusa iintsana

Nangona "ukuncelisa kunye nobisi lomntu yimiqathango yokugcina umntwana
ukondla kunye nokutya, "i-AAP kwingxelo yabo yakutshanje (2012 ngo-" ngokusondeza nokusetyenziswa koLuntu lobisi "kubalule ukuba kubalulekile ukuba:

zonke iintsana ezincelisayo zihlala zifumana umthamo womlomo we-vitamin D, u-400 U ngosuku, ukuqala ukukhutshwa esibhedlele.

Oku kunceda ukunciphisa i-incidence yokukhula kwe-vitamin D kunye ne-rickets, eye yaba yinkxalabo kungekudala "ngenxa yokunciphisa ukukhanya kwelanga esecaleni kwiinguqu zokuphila, ukugqoka kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamalungiselelo e-suncreen".

Oku akunjalo ngokwenene isiluleko esitsha, njengoko isitatimende somgaqo-nkqubo we-AAP ka-2008, "Ukuthintela iiRicket kunye noLwaphulo lwe-Vitamin D kwiintsana, Abantwana kunye nabantwana abakhulileyo," watsho into efanayo:

Iintsana ezibelethwe ngamancinci kunye neengcambu kufuneka zixhaswe nge-400 IU / imini ye-vitamin D eqala kwiintsuku zokuqala zobomi.

Ngaphambi koko, umgaqo-nkqubo womgaqo-2003, "Ukuthintela iRicket kunye nobuthakathaka beVithamini D: Izikhokelo ezintsha ze-Vitamin D," ikhuthazwa i-IU ye-vitamin D engama-200 ngosuku.

Gcina ukhumbule ukuba akubona nje iintsana ezityandisiweyo okanye ezinye iintsana okanye abadinga i-vitamin D.

Iintsana ezingenabungozi, iintsana, kunye nentsha yonke idinga i-vitamin D nayo.

Ezi zintsana kunye nabantwana abadala baya kuthemba ukuba bafumane i-vitamin D yabo eminye imithombo yamanzi ene-vitamin D, kuquka i-formula kunye ne-vitamin D yobisi obunamandla. Umbango nje kuphela ukuba isifuba asikho umthombo omuhle we-vitamin D.

Izithako ze-Vitamin D zokuncelisa abantwana kunye nabantwana zingabandakanya:

• Iifomil D-Vi-Sol
• Iintsana zeD Baby D

Khangela i-vitamin D eyongezelelweyo kwi-concentration ye-400IU nge-drop, egcina engqondweni ukuba iindawo eziphezulu kakhulu zithengiswa.

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Iziphakamiso ze-AAP malunga nokusoka

Isikhundla se-AAP malunga nokusoka kuye kwavela ngokuthe gqolo kwiminyaka:

• Akukho zibonakaliso zonyango ezisemthethweni zokusoka ngexesha lokubeletha . (1971)
• Akukho naluphawu olusisigxina lwezokwelapha ngokuqhelekileyo ukusoka kwintsana. (1975)
• Ulwaluko olusandul 'ukuzalwa lusenokuba luncedo lwezonyango kunye neenzuzo kunye nokungalungi kunye nobungozi. Xa ulwaluko luqwalaselwa, izibonelelo kunye neengozi kufuneka zichazwe kubazali kunye nemvume enolwazi efunyenweyo. (1989)
• Ubu bungqina bobunzululwazi obukhoyo bubonisa ukuba luncedo lwezokwelapha olusandul nangona kunjalo, le data ayaneleyo ukucebisa ukusoka kwe-neonatal. Kwiimeko apho kukho iingeniso kunye nobungozi, kodwa le nkqubo ayibalulekanga kulondolozo lwangoku lwangoku, abazali kufuneka baqaphele into ebaluleke kakhulu kumntwana. (1999)
• Ukuvavanywa kobu bungqina obukhoyo kubonisa ukuba inzuzo yezempilo yolwasiso olusandulweyo olusanda kuzalwa lukhulu ngaphezu kweengozi kwaye ukuba izinzuzo zenkqubo ziyakuvumela ukufikelela kule nkqubo kwiintsapho ezizikhethelayo. Izibonelelo ezicacileyo ezibonisiweyo zibandakanya ukukhuselwa kwezifo zogonyamelo, umhlaza we-penile, kunye nokudluliselwa kwezifo ezithathelwana ngesondo , kuquka ne-HIV. (2012)

Sekunjalo, nakwiSitatimende seNkqubo yokuLawulwa koMgaqo-nkqubo, i-AAP ithi kwakhona "iingeniso zempilo azange zikhulule ngokwaneleyo ukucebisa ulwaluko lwabantu bonke abasanda kuzalwa," nangona ngokuqhelekileyo zixhomekeke ngokuxhatshazwa.

Bakhuthaza abazali ukuba "bahlole ulwazi lwezokwelapha kwiimeko zabo zonqulo, ezinokwenkcubeko, kunye neenkolelo nezithethe zenkcubeko."

Kwaye ke, i-AAP "iyachasisa zonke iintlobo zokunquma izisu zomzimba."

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Iintyatyambo kunye nemifuno

Ngaba abantwana bakho badla iziqhamo ezaneleyo kunye nemifuno imihla ngemihla?

Ngaba uyazi nokuba bangaphi abantu abafanele ukuba badle?

Ngokubanzi, ukufumana iziqhamo ezaneleyo kunye nemigodi, i-AAP isincoma ukuba ulandele iingcebiso ze-MyPlate kwaye wenze isahlulo sakho sesithelo kunye nemifuno yakho.

Ngokukodwa, ngokuxhomekeke kumgangatho wabo womsebenzi, abantwana kufuneka badle malunga:

• 1 indebe yeziqhamo xa beneminyaka engama-2-3 ubudala
• 1 ukuya kwi-1 1/2 iikomityi zesiqhamo xa beneminyaka engama-4-8 ubudala
• 1 1/2 iikomityi zesiqhamo xa zi-9-13 ubudala
• 1 1/2 iikomityi (amantombazana) ukuya kwi-2 iikomityi (abafana) eziqhamo xa beneminyaka eyi-14-18 ubudala

Iingcebiso zokutya imifuno ziyafana, kwaye zibandakanya ukuba abantwana kufuneka badle:

• 1 indebe yemifuno xa beneminyaka eyi-2-3 ubudala
• 1 1/2 iikomityi zemifuno xa bane-4-8 ubudala
• Iikomityi ezi-2 (amantombazana) ukuya kwi-2 1/2 iikomityi (abafana) zemifuno xa beneminyaka eyi-9-13 ubudala
• 2 1/2 iikomityi (amantombazana) ukuya kwiikomityi ezi-3 (abafana) zemifuno xa beneminyaka eyi-14-18 ubudala

Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuba abantwana badle iintlobo zeentlobo zeeveki nganye ngeveki, kubandakanywa imifuno eluhlaza, imifuno ebomvu neyemigodi, iimbotyi kunye neeperesi, imifuno yesitashi, kunye nezinye imifuno, njenge-celery, ukhukhamba kunye ne-avocados.

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Abantwana kunye neCafine

Abazali abaninzi banokucinga ukuba abantwana babo bafumana i- caffeine ... baze bacinge malunga nazo zonke iziphuzo ze- caffeinate ezingase zifumaneke , njenge:

• itiye elimnandi
• i-caffeinated soda - ngaphandle kokuba bafumana iziphuzo ze-caffeine, ezifana ne-Root Beer, Sprite, i-7-Up okanye i-Ginger Ale, ngoko i- soda yabo mhlawumbi iquka i-caffeine
• iziphuzo zamandla - i-Red Bull, i-Monster ne-Rockstar, njl
• i-caramel Frappuccino okanye enye isiselo sekofi evela kwi-Starbucks

Kungenzeka ukuba abantwana bakho bafumana i-caffeine engakumbi enokuyicinga, njengenhlamba, njengoko i-AAP icebisa ukuba ukutya okudliwayo kwe-cafeine "kufuneka kudikibala kubo bonke abantwana."

Kwingxelo yabo yekliniki "kwiZiphuzo zoMdlalo kunye neZiselo zoMbane kwaBantwana nakwi-Adolescents: Ngaba zifanelekile ?," i-AAP iyalumkisa ngokucacileyo ukuba iziphuzo zamandla "azifanelekanga kubantwana nakwishumi elivisayo kwaye akufanele lidle."

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Iziselo zoMdlalo kunye neZiselo zoMbane

Ekubeni umntwanantwana wakho ufuna ukuba abantwana bakho baphume ukudlala ezemidlalo okanye ezinye izinto zokwenza izinto zemihla ngemihla, ucinga ukuba iziphuzo zezemidlalo zilungile, akunjalo?

Nope.

Iziphuzo zezemidlalo, kunye ne-carbs yazo kunye neekhalori, zivame ukusetyenziswa kakubi.

Ingxelo yekliniki ka-2011, "Izaphulo zoMdlalo kunye neZiselo zoMbane kwaBantwana kunye neNtsholongwane: Ngaba zifanelekile ?," zithi azikho enye indlela enempilo kwi- soda kwaye ayifuni ngexesha okanye emva kwemisebenzi engeyiyo emzimbeni.

Iziphuzo zamandla, kuba zine-caffeine, zineengozi ezinobungozi zempilo kwaye "akufanele zitshathwe" ngabantwana okanye abatsha.

Endaweni yoko, emva kokunciphisa amanani azo zonke iintsuku zobisi obuncinane, amanzi kufuneka abe "ngumthombo oyintloko oyisisiseko se-hydration kubantwana nakwishumi elivisayo."

Iziphuzo zezemidlalo zinokuthi zenze indawo yabantwana kunye nentsha ebandakanyekayo "ekunyamezelweni kwezemidlalo," kodwa kubantwana abaninzi ababandakanyeka "kwimisebenzi yokuzilolonga," mhlawumbi amanzi angcono.

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I-Lipid Screening ebuntwaneni

"Ubhubhane olukhoyo lobunzima bomntwana kunye nobungozi obandeleko bokukhula kwesifo sikashukela se-type 2, isifo soxinzelelo, kunye nesifo senhliziyo kubantu abadala kunye nabadala" kukhokelela i-AAP ukuba ithathe indlela entsha "kwi-Lipid Screening kunye ne-Health Cardiovascular Childhood" ngo-2008 xa baqala ukucebisa ukuba:

• Abantwana abasengozini enkulu banomdla wokuzila ukudlala "emva kweminyaka emi-2 kodwa engadluli kweminyaka eyi-10 ubudala."

Ngo-2011, i-AAP yayivumile iNgxelo yePhaneli yeeNkcazo kwiZikhokelo eziHlangeneyo zeMpilo yeCardiovascular and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents "kwiNational Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, kwaye sineziphakamiso ezintsha:

• ukuhlolwa kwe-lipid ye-cholesterol ephakamileyo phakathi kweminyaka eyi-9 ukuya kwe-11 kunye neminyaka eyi-17 ukuya kwe-21
• Iiprofayili zokukhawuleza ukuzila ukutya kubantwana abaphakathi kweminyaka emi-2 ukuya kweyesi-8 ukuba basengozini enkulu

Kuthetha ukuthini ukufumana ingozi enkulu?

Abantwana abasengozini enkulu bayakwazi:

• unomzali one-cholesterol ephezulu (i-cholesterol engaphezu kwama-240)
• ube ngaphezu kwe-95th percentile ye-BMI, unesifo sikashukela, uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu okanye umsiyi
• unomzali, ugogo nomkhulu, uninakazi / umalume, okanye umntakwabo owayenomngcipheko we-myocardial, u-angina, u-stroke, kunye / okanye i-coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) / stent / angioplasty ngaphambi kokuba babe neminyaka engama-55 (abesilisa) ukuya kwiminyaka engama-65 ( mabhinqa)

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Ukuhlola izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi (STIs)

Isitatimende somgaqo-nkqubo kaJulayi 2014 ukusuka kwi-AAP, "Ukuhlola izifo ezithintela ngesondo ngokoNtsholongwane kunye nabaselula," uncoma ukuba abatsha abaphandana ngokwesondo bavavanywe ngonyaka:

• i-chlamydia kunye ne-gonorrhea - onke amabhinqa asebenza ngokwesini (iminyaka engama-25 ubudala nangaphantsi) kunye nabesilisa abalala ngokwesini (MSM)
• i-trichomoniasis - abafazi abasengozini enkulu, njengokuba babe namaqabane amaninzi okanye imbali ye-STIs
• i-syphylis - kuphela ukuba ingozi ephezulu (amabhinqa kunye nabesilisa) kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo ibandakanya uvavanyo lwe-RPR okanye i-VDRL, kunye novavanyo olongezelelweyo ukuba luncedo ukuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa-ngokuqhelekileyo uvavanyo lwe-TP-PA.

Olu vavanyo okanye ukuphonononga luhambelana neengcebiso ze-STD kunye ne-HIV yokuhlola i-CDC kwaye inokukunceda "ukuchonga nokuphatha abantu abanezonyango eziphathekayo, ukunciphisa ukudluliselwa kwabanye, ukuphepha okanye ukunciphisa imiphumo yesikhathi eside, ukuchonga abanye abantu abavelele kunye nabakho , kunye nokunciphisa ukusulela kwintsholongwane kuluntu. "

Ezi zifo zengqondo ziqhelekile kwaye ngezinye iimeko zingabikho ngaphandle kwempawu, ngakumbi i-chlamydia.

Isitatimende somgaqo-nkqubo sincomeka ukuba abo banesifo se-chlamydia, i-gonorrhea, okanye i-trichomoniasis babuyiselwe kwiinyanga ezintathu.

I-AAP ikhuthaze (ukususela ngo-2011) nokuba:

• ukuhlola i-HIV rhoqo kubo bonke abatsha abaneminyaka eyi-16 ukuya kwe-18 ubudala
• ukuhlolwa kwentsholongwane kaGawulayo kuyo yonke intsha yobundlobongela ukuba ukusukela kwintsholongwane kaGawulayo kuluntu luphantsi
• Ukuhlolwa kwentsholongwane kaGawulayo yentsholongwane yabantwana abasengozini

Ingaba bakho abaselula bayasebenza?

Ngaba baye bahlolwe isifo sosulele ngesondo?